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Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ________ Period ____
EOG Review- Chemistry Goal 4
4.01 Understand that both naturally occurring and synthetic substances are chemicals
4.02 Evaluate evidence that elements combine in a multitude of ways to produce compounds that account for all living and
nonliving substances
4.03 Explain how the periodic table is a model for:
 Classifying elements
 Identify the properties of elements
1. Atoms are made of PROTONS (+), NEUTRONS (neutral), and ELECTRONS (-).
2. PROTONS and NEUTRONS are in the nucleus of the atom and when added together they give you the
NUCLEUS of the atom.
3. ELECTRONS move quickly and constantly around the outside of the nucleus in the ELECTRON CLOUD.
4. The number of ELECTRONS can change which forms IONS ( + or -).
5. Atoms of the same element will ALWAYS have the same number of PROTONS or atomic NUMBER.
6. An atom becomes a POSITIVE ion if it loses electrons.
7. An atom becomes a NEGATIVE ion if it gains electrons.
8. We call atoms of the same elements with different numbers of neutrons ISOTOPES.
9. Elements are classified as METALS, NONMETALS or METALLOIDS
10. Label A through D: A.Atomic Number
19
B.Chemical Symbol
C. Element Name
D.Atomic Mass
16
K
S
Potassium
39.098
Sulfur
32.066
11. How many protons does Potassium have? 19
12. How many electrons does Sulfur have? 16 (if neutral)
13. How many neutrons does Potassium have? 39 – 19 = 20
14. How many electrons would Potassium (+1) have? 18
15. How many protons would Sulfur (-1) have? 16, but would have 17 Electrons.
C12H6O6
16. How many oxygen atoms are in the molecule above? 6
17. How many carbon atoms are in the molecule above? 12
18. How is the periodic table organized? By atomic number
19. The rows in the periodic table are called PERIODS and the columns in the periodic table are called GROUPS.
20. Most of the elements on the periodic table are METALS.
21. Matter is anything that takes up SPACE and has MASS. All matter is made of CHEMICALS.
22. Identify the following atoms:
= Protons
= Neutrons
= Electrons
A. Beryllium
B. HYDROGEN
C. CARBON
4.04 Describe the suitability of materials for use in technological design:
 Electrical conductivity
 Density
 Magnetism
 Solubility
 Malleability
22. Some elements are turned into electrical wires. Which properties (from above) must they have to be used in this way?
Explain why. Electrical conductivity and malleability.
23. DENSITY can be found by dividing the mass of an object by its volume.
24. What is solubility? How much solute can dissolve in a given amount of
solvent at a given temperature.
4.05 Identify substances based on characteristic physical (and chemical) properties:
 Density All substances have a specific density that can help identify the substance.
 Boiling/Melting points Substances have unique melting and boiling points, know this can help determine what the
substance is.
 Solubility Substances have unique solubility values, if you determine an unknown substance’s solubility you could
compare it against know substances to help determine what it is.
 Chemical reactivity If you have an unknown chemical you could see if it reacts with a known chemical in a predicted way.
For example if you a clear liquid you could mix it with baking soda…if it reacts then is COULD be vinegar.
 Specific Heat Remember the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade.
Substances have different specific heat, so the substance could be compared to know values.
25. Choose two properties from the list above. Describe how those properties can be used to identify a substance.
4.06 Describe and measure quantities related to chemical/physical changes within a system:
 Temperature
 Volume
 Mass
 Precipitate
 Gas production
26. The four types of evidence that show a chemical change/reaction has occurred are a change in TEMPERATURE a
change in COLOR, formation of a GAS or formation of a PRECIPITATE
27. Water changing from a liquid to a solid is an example of a PHYSICAL change.
4.07 Identify evidence supporting the law of conservation of matter
 During an ordinary chemical reaction matter cannot be created or destroyed
 In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products
28. Balance the following reaction:
2 NaCl
+
1 I2

2 NaI
+
1 Cl2
29. What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state? MATTER IS NOT CREATED OR DESTROYED DURING A
CHEMICAL REACTION.
30. 2 grams of sodium are mixed with 2 grams of chlorine. They undergo a chemical reaction. What is the mass of the
product, sodium chloride? 4 GRAMS
4.08 Identify evidence that some chemicals may contribute to human health conditions including:
 Cancer: Pesticides, Radioactive elements, Lead,
 Diabetes: To much sugar, mercury, lead, cadmium
Herbicides, gasoline vapor.
 Learning and behavioral disorders: Pesticides, lead,
 Autoimmune disease: Too many antibiotics, wood
mercury
preservatives, pesticides,herbicides.
 Kidney Disease: Alcohol, heroin, crack, over use of
 Birth Defects (alcohol, cigarette smoke, too little
over the counter pain medications.
folic acid, lead, mercury)
 Asthma: Exposure to hydrochloric acid, ammonia,
 Heart disease: chemicals in cigarette smoke,
insecticides, bleach.
marijuana smoke, too much salt in diet, too much
fat in diet.
31. Beside each health condition above, list any chemicals that may cause the condition.
4.09 Describe factors that determine the effects a chemical has on a living organism including
 Exposure
 Potency
Exposure refers to the frequency and length of time you are around a chemical. Potency refers to the concentration or strength of the
chemical.
32. How can exposure to cigarette smoke effect a person? It can give them lung cancer or asthma. It may also lead to
heart disease.
33. How can taking too much medicine for a headache affect a person? It can lead to toxic reaction, the person may
build up a tolerance to the medication, if fighting the flu it may cause the virus killing fever to not work as well. It can
react with other medications.
4.10 Describe risks and benefits of chemicals including:
 Medicines: If used correctly they are beneficial, however if misused they can cause a serious illness or death. The overy use
of antibiotics has allowed some bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics.
 Food Preservatives: These are considered food additives and are strictly regulated by the FDA. These additives help prevent
microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, mold, fungi) from attacking food and making it unsafe for consumption. However, some
preservative have been linked to cancer, learning difficulties and allergic reactions.
 Crop yield: Chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides (kills pests) can increase crop yield. However fertilizers and
pesticide can be washed into groundwater and surface causing pollution. Some of these chemicals have been linked to cancer
in humans.
 Sanitation: Chemicals, such as antimicrobial cleaners, can make our life healthier by preventing microbes from harming our
bodies. Antibacterial and antifungal cleaners can help prevent diseases in animals and humans. However, cleanser are
chemicals and if misused can be harmful to us. They can also end up in surface and groundwater causing pollution.
34. Choose one of the four items from above and describe how chemicals are beneficial and harmful when used.