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China Objectives Define Li, Tsung fa, animism, Yin, Yang, oracle bones, Mandate of Heaven, feudalism, primogeniture, corvee labor, peripheral states, eunuchs, ching, banner system, queue, opium, tariffs, extraterritoriality, spheres of influence, open door policy, protectionism, class conscientiousness, speak bitterness Identify the two important rivers in China Identify the 5 principles of Chinese society Identify the Xia Dynasty, Shang Ti, Zhou Dynasty, Confucius, Lao Tze, Legalists, Mohists, Occultists, Qin Dynasty, Emperor Wu Ti, Advisor Wang Mang, Empress Wu Zhao, Emperor Zhao Kuang Yin, Chief Advisor Wang Anshi, Chu Yuan-chang, Yung Lo, Manchus, Hung Hsiu-Chuan, Tientsin Massacre, Sino Japanese War, Boxer Rebellion, Sun Yatsen, Yuan Shi Kai, Chiang Kai shek, Mao Tse tung, Little Red Book, Blue Shirts, Deng Xiaoping, Tiananmen Square Describe the pyramid of loyalty Explain why the Chinese fall to the Mongols Explain why the Mongols move the capital city Explain what happens when the Mongol Empire falls Explain how the laws of the Ming Dynasty divide rich and poor Explain the successes of the Manchus in China Explain what led to the Ching decline Explain the Chinese relationship with the British Identify the differences between Chiang Kai shek and Mao Tse tung China Geography – China – Belief – West – South – East – River Civilizations Most along the Creation Myth Pangu – first man Lord of Man (45,600 years) Solved Five Principles of Chinese Society Values 1. Integrity 2. love 3. knowledge 4. respect 5. loyalty First Dynasty (Xia) c. 2205-1766 BCE Bronze Continuous cultivations – Emperor Jie – Can’t prove that it existed Shang Dynasty c. 1766-1122 BCE Control a small area Shang Ti and ancestors Shang Ti Ancestor worship (respect) Sacrifice and battles – Sacrifice Yin and Yang concept Yin – Yang – Not in Calender – Writing – Only for Oracle bones Emperors are “sons of Heaven” – Mandate of Heaven – Slaves, women, and ability Slaves – Women – Emperor Xin – Zhou Dynasty c. 1122-256 BCE Conquest and burning Change of kingship lineage Royal blood T’ien (Shang Ti) – Feudalism – Pyramid of Loyalty Emperor Inspectors Nobility peasants Strong structure Weak structure because Inspectors (spies) To prevent problems Axial Age Warring states (330-221 BCE) Eastern Zhou vs. Western Zhou Civil war – Armies, Conference to end war Feudalism to bureaucratic 1. Li (code of conduct) – 2. Tsung-fa (law of kindred) – Axial Age Thinkers Not religions – Confucius (Confucianism) – Five relationships – create harmony Superior Father Emperor Husband Older sibling Friends Education 1. scholars 2. peasants 3. artisans 4. merchants The Afterlife Doesn’t If you don’t Example versus laws – Mandate of Heaven – Lao Tze (Taoism) The Way Be like water: Silence and inaction Folk beliefs – animism – Yin and Yang – Legalists (Han Fei) You are Inferior Strict laws Structure Mohists Developed Based on Occultists Qin Dynasty c. 221-206 BCE Emperor Chin Shi Huang Ti (221-210) Emperor in charge of everything – Confiscate Melted Great Wall – Pro Legalist, Anti Confucian – Strict “Wild Beasts of China” – Obsession – Wants to Magicians – Death – Revolts by Han Dynasty c. 206BCE – 220 CE Emperor Liu Bang (206-188) Prison guard Creates an Appointments or execution – Chaos – Emperor Wu Ti (140-87) Break power of nobles End primogeniture – Confucianist, strengthens exams : Pass the exam Alliances and the Silk Road – Very important – Senility, death and corruption – Han Middle Period Advisor Wang Mang – Confucian scholar Financial experiment Redistribute Monopolies on Resentment and rebellion Red Eyebrows – Riches and victories on borders – Court decay, widows/concubines – Zhang family – “Yellow Turbans” – Contender Take control – Six Dynasties 220-589 CE Six emperors vying for power Confucian emperors – Vs. Buddhist emperors – Sui Dynasty c. 589-618 CE Reinstate exams Expansion – Big Mistakes Korean victories – Assassination – Tang Dynasty c. 618-890 CE Emperor Li Yuan Emperor Li Shimin Reorganize army and militia – corvee labor – Estates – Empress Wu Zhao (649-705) Li Shimin Becomes one of He puts her She asks his She poisons Buddhist – First time it’s the religion Literature and Arts She gives International culture – Social Unrest Concubines – Turks – Problem: Bribes and corruption in government Anti Buddhist campaigns Neglect, epidemics, floods, famine Huang Chao and Zhu Wen (peasants) International trade – Last Tang emperor Song Dynasty c. 960-1279CE Emperor Zhao Kuang Yin Power – Policy of pardons – Patriotism – Chief Advisor Wang Anshi – Makes wealthy angry State granaries – Loans with Pay peasants for Income tax International trade – When Emperor dies, Anti foreign attitude Neo Confucianism – Want to regain Confucian – Taoism – Buddhism – CorruptionYuan Dynasty (1279-1360 CE) China falls to the Mongols Chingiz Khan and Ogedei Khan – Kubilai Khan – Used to Population Mongols – Chinese – “Alien” – Mongols – “Barbarians” – Chinese unwillingness to adjust – Mongols Capital cities – They take over Beijing Expansion – Administrative System Military elite – Language: problem – Confucianism? Problem: Mongols replace Import administrators – Hierarchy of Society Confucian v. Mongol ** rebellion comes Yeh-lu Chu-ts’ai – compromise Almost a feudal system in agricultureTaxes – Muslims Buddhism and Taoism Like Buddhism – Economics Good times for China – Drama Introduction of About Weak Mongol Emperors Last eight Lots of Peasant In response to Mongols, the next dynasty is VERY CHINESE Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 CE Chu Yuan-chang Orphan, peasant Wants to be thought Robin Hood? – The Imperial Family Rank and The Generals – Life in the capital – Creates The Gentry – Scholars Exams – Laws – Sumptuary – Criminal – Taxes – The Bureaucracy – Three branches Civil, military, censorial – The populace benefits society Military – Artisans – Commoners – When the Emperor gets old Purges – End of office of prime minister Reorganization of government – Peripheral states – Each own Civil War 1398-1402 Yung Lo r. 1402-1424 Rewriting history – Aggressive foreign policy – Ching HoSent on mission Ships – Gather tribute Not Eunuchs, Mongols, and Rebellion Eunuchs – Not thought Mongols – RebellionWeak emperor Ching Empire 1644-1911 Ching means Manchus Nurhachi – Unites the Manchu people Banner system – All loyal to Confucianism – Manchu rule Manchus invited in to Minority – Chinese Goal: Administrative two man teams – Three year rotation – good: Bad: Gentry (Confucian exams) – Military – Banner system – Different training Communication Manchu Identity Limit emigration – Retain imperial Intermarriage The queue – Justification – Honor and continue Success – Manchu successes For 150 years – Population increases Agricultural improvements Government Plus new Rapidly growing commerce Trade with Growing number of Good balance of trade – Emperor Kang Hsi 1661-1722 Emphasis – Permanent Accomplishments – Improve quality of Education and scholarship Schools for Traveling scholars – Jesuit tutors and Catholic missionaries Western relations Pope condemns Confucianism – Emperor Chen Lung Grandson Redistributed land – increase in popularity * as a young man – hardworking – strong government Accomplishments Reprinting of classics Conquests of Mongols, Burma, Vietnam – tribute decline – luxury loving – corrupt government government officials skim off tribute and squeeze taxpayers Beginning of the Ching decline –1800s Government corruption, Problems with the West – Invasion from the sea? Serious or not? = Chinese contempt Don’t want or 1830s Opium moral decay – symbol of – - official corruption – - foreign suppliers – - drain on economy – balance of trade reversed – total British reaction Chinese response – Opium War – 1839-1842 (British win) Chinese concessions – Formation of militia units – Banner defeats – By mid century, failure of government at pacification leads to further erosion of respect Peasant rebellions Muslim and Buddhist Taiping (1850-1864) About Christianity Hung Hsiu-Ch’uan Exams – Dreams – Forms the Association of God Worshippers Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace Takes Nanking, 1853 (rich southern province) Pro western New leaders Regionally based, Chinese led Tseng Kuo-fan – Success: Popular activism – West eager Goal: extraterritoriality – 1844 – right to all western nations 1856-1869 – more concessions 1858 – French and British 1860 – diplomats to Peking emperor westerners burn Dilemma for the West Ching emperor or Goal – Negotiations New Allies – Support West control Missionaries – concern and hostility = demonology Confucian scholars Tientsin Massacre, 1870 Chinese Humiliation Continues Sino- Japanese War, 1894-95 Japan gets: Loss of tributaries: Attempts at Reform Emperor Guang Xu “Hundred Days of Reform” New school Western Emperor Dowager Tzu Hsi and the Conservatives Bears only Nephew is Boxer Rebels “Righteous and Harmonious Fists” Attack foreign Joint invasion Dismemberment into colonies?? “open door” policy – Spheres of Influence – Projects of the foreigners Low wages and Western goods Race for Japanese and Russians– Government Debt Foreign loans Foreign debt = Independence? Discontent and “Revolution” Students and soldiers – Provinces End of the Manchu, 1911 China: The Search for a Government Warlords and Reformers Sun Yat-sen, 1866-1925 West educated 1912 returns as Kuomintang (KMT) – Three People’s Principles Yuan Shi-kai, 1859-1916 General (Manchu) Warlord Armies President 1912-1916 KMT wins national election of 1913 – Assassination President for life Emperor??? WWI Era China struggles warlords searching War ends May 4th Movement Attacks on Chinese Communist Party founded, 1921 Soviet aid, Sun dies A New Government?? China and nationalism – Two men/Two ideas for China Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) Graduated from Not a 1925 takes over China installs ideology of 1927-8 Northern Expedition unify Mao Tse-tung (1898 – 1976) Began CCP (Chinese Communist Party) The Long March, 1934 Chiang Communists unite Chiang Chiang’s China Changes vs. Mao In-laws Two branches of police force blue shirts – peasants – Mao’s China Peasants and war – “A new army” policies and practices – Before WWII – After WWII – “Agrarian Reform” – communism? If you work a United front – Guerrila warfare: Three stages: hiding place – Attacks – Traditional warfare Maoism – “Little Red Book” – Patriotism War with Japan Sian Incident, 1936 Chiang’s officers Post WWI optimism See only “good” stuff Problem: Tensions begin: Protectionism – Repayment – Unemployment Dependency on US loans Mao wins – October 1, 1949 People’s Republic of China Chiang runs away to Taiwan Established Declared as legitimate Acknowledge Post 1949 – repairs – no money Land reform – “class conscientiousness” – poor get good jobs – “speak bitterness” – gets US embargo – 1958-60 10 million Mao knows Self reliance and reconstruction External Wars Korean War, 1950-3 Saves Tibet, Taiwan, India, 1971 – wins 1972 – visit from 1976 – Mao China After Mao Moderate leaders 1981 Deng Xiaoping four modernizations economic crime and Tianamen Square, 1989 Political freedom – Thousands killed or 1990s population increasing limit – economic and political changes
