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Communicable Disease
Virus- united streaming video clip 54 min
Infectious disease or Communicable disease is an illness caused by
a pathogen that can be spread from one living thing to another
Sign of an illness – can be measured
Fever, pulse, skin color, breathing rate
Symptoms – cannot be measured
Headache, itching, pain, shortness of breathe
Pathogen – a germ that cause disease
Incubation period – the time from when the pathogen enters
the body until the first symptoms appear
Clinical stage – stage in which the signs and symptoms arise and
most prominent
Convalescent stage – signs and symptoms fade and the person is
no longer contagious
Bacteria – single cell organism
- most are beneficial (around 1000)
- around 100 can cause disease
Syphilis
Staph infections
Gonorrhea some Pneumonias
strep throat
E.coli
tetanus
MRSA
Virus – smallest known pathogen – takes over a cell & tries to make
more
Cold, mumps, chicken pox, HIV, influenza
Toxin – a substance that is poisonous
Fungi – single cell or multi-cell parasitic organism
Live on skin, mucus membrane, & lungs
Athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, nail infections
ringworm
Athlete’s foot
Parasites – an organism that lives inside another living organism
Protozoa – single-cell organism that produce toxins
Malaria, African sleeping sickness
Helminth or worms – parasitic worm from
undercooked pork, fish, or from poor hygiene –
affects your digestive system
Tapeworms, pinworms, hookworms
How pathogens are spread:
1. Direct contact: shaking hands, kissing, sexual intercourse,
body fluids exchange or contact,
2. Contaminated animals – vector- an
animal that transmits a dis ease from
one living thing to another
Zoonosis- infection from animal to
human
3. Contaminated objects – combs, toothbrushes, razors, eating
utensils, etc.
4. Contaminated food or water
5. Air born – sneezing or coughing
Epidemic- an outbreak of a disease that effects large number of
people over an area
Pandemic- a widespread epidemic over countries
Endemic – a disease that naturally occurs in low numbers in an area
Resident bacteria- It lives in the skin, in the mouth and intestines
to help protect from harmful bacteria
Prevention:
Wash hand with soap and water
Respiratory etiquette
Food Sanitation
Vaccine or Immunization – substance containing a dead or
weaken pathogen that is introduced into the body
- given by injection or orally
- diphtheria, pertussis ( whooping cough), tetanus (every 7 years), measles, mumps,
rubella (German Measles), polio, Hepatitis A & B, & chicken pox
Treatments
Antibiotics- kills pathogenic bacteria
Treat symptoms of virus –
Host – the plant or animal on which the parasite feeds
Immune System – removes harmful organisms from the blood and
combats pathogens
Composed of body organs, tissue, cells, and chemicals
*Skin – 1st line of defense *Perspiration and oils kill pathogens
*Tears help prevent things from entering the eyes
*Mucus & hairs that line the nose help trap & destroy
pathogens
*Saliva helps kill off some pathogens
*Stomach Acid helps kill some pathogens
Phagocytosis - Process that the white blood cells surround and eat
up invading bacteria
Inflammation – response to infection or injury
Redness, heat, swelling, pain
Fever – rise in body temperature – stimulates white blood cells,
helps block pathogen reproduction – normal 98ºF
Lymphocytes – are white blood cells that help the body fight off
pathogens
Two types:
B cells – produce antibodies – special protein that
fight infection
T helper cells – signal for the b- cells
Macrophage – a white blood cell that surrounds and destroys
pathogens
Antibody – a molecule that attaches to and marks a pathogen as
foreign, signaling white blood cells to destroy it
Once a pathogen is destroyed, it is taken to the Spleen
Immunity – the body’s resistance to disease-causing agents
Active immunity – presence of antibodies
Passive immunity – introducing antibodies into a person’s body