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IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA WHY HAD EUROPEANS ORIGINALLY BEEN INTERESTED IN AFRICA? WHAT WAS THE STATE OF AFRICA BY THE 19TH CENTURY? EUROPEANS HAD ESTABLISHED POSTS ON BOTH COASTS, BUT KNEW OR CARED LITTLE OF AFRICA'S INTERIOR. THAT WOULD CHANGE...BY THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY, ONLY LIBERIA AND ETHIOPIA WERE NOT CONTROLLED BY EUROPEAN NATIONS! SOME 90 OF IT (COMPARED TO 10 IN 1800). OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS IN DECLINE; 1805 - MOHAMMED ALI LED EGYPT'S BREAK AWAY FROM OTTOMAN EMPIRE HE MADE IMPROVEMENTS, MADE OTHERS MORE INTERESTED IN THE NILE VALLEY (COTTON). BY MID-CENTURY, EGYPT BEGAN MODERNIZING, WHICH MEANT BORROWING MONEY FROM EUROPE 1859 - MEHEMET ALI DID SO IN ONE SUCH PROJECT, THE JOINT VENTURE WITH FRANCE TO BUILD THE SUEZ CANAL (1859 TO 1869). FRANCE, FIRST, BECAME INTERESTED IN NORTH AFRICA. BARBARY PIRATES RAIDED SHIPPING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 1830 - ALGERIA, MADE IT A FRENCH COLONY, TOOK THE BEST, THEN EXPANDED EASTWARD. 1859 - SUEZ CANAL - FERDINAND DE LESSEPS 1869 (1/2 STOCK TO FR. 1/2 TO EGYPTIANS) SPHERE OF INFLUENCE. 1881-TUNISIA 1904 - MOROCCO (CONFLICT WITH GERMANY), AND THE SUDAN (CONFLICT WITH BRITISH). GREAT BRITAIN BRITISH FELT THEY NEEDED CONTROL OF THE SUEZ CANAL LIFELINE TO INDIA SPHERE OF INFLUENCE. 1881 - WHEN VIOLENCE ERUPTED GREAT BRITAIN SENT TROOPS, AND MADE EGYPT A PROTECTORATE, BEGINNING "ENGLANDIZATION". THEN, TO APPEASE EGYPT, IT SOUGHT CONTROL OF SUDAN, WHICH HAD RECENTLY BROKEN AWAY FROM EGYPTS CONTROL. TO BUILD DAMS TO BETTER CONTROL THE NILE, WHOSE HEADWATERS WERE IN THE SUDAN BRITISH HAD TO OVERCOME SUDANESE AND FRENCH RESISTANCE BRITISH WANTED TO BUILD A NORTH-SOUTH RR FROM THE CAPE TO CAIRO FRANCE WANTED TO EXPAND CONTROL EAST-WEST ACROSS AFRICA 1885 - SUDANESE MUSLIMS DEFEATED A BRITISH ARMY LED BY CHARLES GORDON AT KHARTOUM. FEBRUARY 1896 - CAPTAIN MARCHAND – SENT BY FRENCH MILITARY. JULY 10,1898 - MARCHAND REACHED FASHODA. SEPTEMBER 2,1898 - BATTLE OF OMDURMAN BRITISH LORD KITCHENER SUDANESE MAHDIST FORCES OUTNUMBERED BRITISH 2-1. A SLAUGHTER! 11,000 TO 28 KILLED! NEW MAXIM MACHINE GUNS FIRST USED IN BATTLE. SEPTEMBER 19, 1898 - FASHODA INCIDENT KITCHENER - MARCHAND (FRENCH) STANDOFF FLAG FLAP-AGREED TO FLY BOTH FLAGS. NEARLY CAUSED A WAR IN NORTH AFRICA BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE. NOVEMBER 3, 1898 FRENCH GOVERNMENT ORDERED MARCHAND TO WITHDRAW FROM THE NILE. MARCH 21,1899 THE ANGLO- FRENCH AGREEMENT RECOGNIZED THE UPPER NILE AS A BRITISH SPHERE OF INFLUENCE. IN FACT, IN NORTH AFRICA, DISPUTES WERE USUALLY SETTLED PEACEFULLY BRITISH GOT SUDAN, FRENCH GIVEN GREEN LIGHT IN WEST AFRICA - MOROCCO LED TO TRIPLE ENTENTE -1904 ITALY 1911 - DECLARED WAR ON OTTOMAN EMPIRE TOOK TRIPOLI RENAMED IT LIBYA BY 1914 - ALL OF NORTH AFRICA UNDER EUROPEAN INFLUENCE (CASABLANCA TO CAIRO) B. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA UNDER THE NEW IMPERIALISM, IT WOULD SOON FALL INTO THE HANDS OF THE EUROPEANS 700 ETHNIC GROUPS, HOPELESSLY DIVIDED. MISSIONARIES, EXPLORERS, ADVENTURERS MADE THE WORLD AWARE OF THE -DARK CONTINENT" 1640 - DR. LIVINGSTONE MISSIONARY SENT DETAILED REPORTS BACK TO ENGLAND 1871 . HENRY STANLEY NEW YORK HERALD NEWSPAPERMAN WENT IN SEARCH OF LIVINGSTONE SENT BACK DETAILED REPORTS AS WELL HENRY STANLEY WOULD CHANGE THE HISTORY OF SUB-SAHARA AFRICA ALLOWED BR. GOVERNMENT TO COLONIZE; NO INTEREST, THEN... CONVINCED KING LEOPOLD II OF BELGIUM TO FOUND COLONIES 1876 CARVED OUT THE BELGIAN CONGO REPRESENTED THE WORST ASPECTS OF THE NEW IMPERIALISM PROFIT OVER PROGRESS EXTRACTION AND EXPLOITATION RIVALRIES INTENSIFIED (PORTUGUESE, BRITISH, GERMANS, ITALIANS, FRENCH) MAD SCRAMBLE FOR CONTROL OF AFRICA OCCURRED BETWEEN 1880 AND 1914 DISCOVERY OF QUININE TO FIGHT MALARIA MADE THE INTERIOR MORE ATTRACTIVE. INVENTION OF STEAMSHIPS MADE RIVERS EASIER TO NAVIGATE. 1885 - BERLIN CONFERENCE 14 NATIONS MEET - NO AFRICAN DELEGATES RULES ESTABLISHED FOR DIVIDING UP AFRICA (THE REAL WHY OF THE BERLIN CONFERENCE). FIRST NOTIFY OF INTENTIONS, THEN OCCUPY MAINTAIN AN "OPEN DOOR" THOUGH. HOWEVER. WITHIN 15 YEARS, ALL OF CENTRAL AFRICA WAS CONTROLLED BY EUROPEANS! EAST AFRICA SAME STORY! GREAT BRITAIN, GERMANY MAJOR PLAYERS, ALSO PORTUGAL, BELGIUM ONLY ETHIOPIA REMAINED INDEPENDENT. 1898 - MENELIK II DEFEATED ITALY FOR CONTROL VICTORY WAS SO COMPLETE THAT NOBODY ELSE TRIED WEST AFRICA IN THE EARLY 1800’S, THE SLAVE TRADE DRIED UP EUROPE BEGAN TO OUTLAW SLAVERY. THE BRITISH FOUNDED SIERRA LEONE FOR FORMER SLAVES. AFRICA HAD OTHER RICHES: GOLD, IVORY, AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES. FRENCH AND BRITISH LED THE WAY. DUTCH, PORTUGUESE, SPANISH, AND GERMANS ALL BECAME INTERESTED IN ITS RICH COAST. EUROPEANS OVERCAME NATIVE RESISTANCE (BRITISH OVER THE ASHANTI). ONLY LIBERIA (SETTLED BY FORMER U.S. SLAVES IN 1822) DID NOT COME UNDER THEIR CONTROL. ITS CAPITAL, MONROVIA – WAS SUPPORTED BY PRESIDENT MONROE KEEPING EUROPE FROM TAKING IT OVER. IT BECAME A REPUBLIC IN 1847. SOUTH AFRICA CONFLICT BETWEEN BRITISH AND DUTCH LED TO AN IMPERIALISTIC WAR 1652 - THE DUTCH SETTLED SOUTH AFRICA, FOUNDED CAPE COLONY. GREAT BRITAIN TOOK IT DURING THE NAPOLEONIC WARS. BEFORE THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SUEZ CANAL THIS WAS A STRATEGIC LOCATION. 1830S -10.000 DUTCH AFRIKANERS OR BOERS BEGAN THE "GREAT TREK* INLAND OVERCAME NATIVE RESISTANCE (MOSTLY ZULU) ZULU - LED BY SHAKA ZULU. FOUNDED THE COLONIES OF NATAL, TRANSVAAL.AND ORANGE FREE STATE IN THE 1860S, DIAMONDS DISCOVERED THERE GOLD IN THE 1880S. 1899 - 1902 THE BOER WAR CECIL RHODES - BRITISH PRIME MINISTER OF CAPE COLONY AND FOUNDER OF RHODESIA BECAME WEALTHY OFF OF GOLD AND DIAMONDS - WANTED TO TAKE BOER TERRITORY. GOAL - A "CAPE TO CAIRO" RAILROAD CONNECTING BRITISH EMPIRE IN AFRICA. HE WAS FORCED TO RESIGN FOR ATTEMPTING TO TAKE THIS OVER THROUGH WAR - WAR STARTED ANYWAY. BOERS AND THE BRITISH WENT TO WAR... TOOK FOUR YEARS - BRITISH WON. BRITISH FOUND THEMSELVES ISOLATED. 1910 - CREATED THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. HOWEVER, AFTER THE MINES PLAYED OUT. BRITISH MOSTLY LEFT BOERS REMAINED KEPT THE BEST INITIATED PRACTICE OF APARTHEID - RULE OF WHITE MINORITY. 1912 - SANNC FOUNDED - IT BECAME THE ANC - AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS IN 1923 LED THE BATTLE FOR LIBERALISM IN SOUTH AFRICA IMPACT OF IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA POSITIVE? NEGATIVE? PRACTICED EITHER DIRECT (PATERNALISM) RULE OR INDIRECT RULE (EITHER REQUIRED ASSIMILATION OR ALLOWED LOCAL RULE). IMPERIALISM WAS MOSTLY EXPLOITATION..A WAGE SYSTEM. MADE NATIVES SECOND-CLASS CITIZENS, STRIPPED THEM OF THEIR CULTURE. SOME GOOD ASPECTS TOO SCHOOLS, CHURCHES.