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Science 3200 Unit 1
Notes 1.1- 1.4
Intro and Safety 1.1
Chemistry is the study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter can be grouped based on two types of properties physical
& chemical
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
The properties or characteristics that you
can observe (see, smell, touch, etc)
Properties that are only observed during a
reaction
Colour, odour, state at room temperature
Whether or not the matter will react with a
particular substance or in a particular way
Description
Examples
Chemical reactions happening around us:
1.
digesting food
4.
burning wood
2.
breathing
5.
metals rusting
3.
cooking
Two systems designed to help us use hazardous chemicals safely are:
1. WHMIS
workplace hazarous materials informations system
2. HHPS
household hazardous produts symbols
Three ways WHMIS provides information
1. Symbols on containers to provide hazard information at a glance
2. MSDS information sheets with more detail
3. Worker training program
WHMIS Symbols
A - COMPRESSED GAS
A compressed gas cylinder is usually quite heavy and when ruptured can become a projectile
with the potential to cause significant damage.
B - FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL
Flamable or combustible materials will ignite and continue to burn if exposed to a
flame or source of ignition.
Science 3200 Unit 1
Notes 1.1- 1.4
C - OXIDIZING MATERIAL
An oxidizing material may or may not burn itself, but will release oxygen or
another oxidizing substance, and thereby causes or contributes to the combustion
of another material. .
D- POISONOUS AND INFECTIOUS MATERIAL
D1- Materials Causing Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects
These materials may be classified as toxic or very toxic
Can cause immediate effects including death if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed
D2 - Materials Causing Other Toxic Effects
Toxic with repeated exposure. May cause cancer, birth defects, irritate breathing
etc.
D3 - Biohazardous Infectious Material
This classification includes any organisms and the toxins produced by these organisms
that have been shown to cause disease or are believed to cause disease in either humans or
animals. For example, a blood sample containing the Hepatitis B virus
E - CORROSIVE MATERIAL
Corrosive materials can attack (corrode) metals or cause permanent damage to human
tissues such as the skin and eyes on contact.
F - DANGEROUSLY REACTIVE MATERIA
May react violently under conditions of shock or an increase in pressure or
temperature. They may also react with water to release a toxic gas.
Science 3200 Unit 1
Notes 1.1- 1.4
Classification of Matter 1.2
Chemists try to classify matter based on its physical properties and its chemical properties
Two types of matter are pure substances and mixtures
Define
Examples
Pure substances
 Only 1 type of matter
 Includes elements and
compounds
 can not be separated by
physical means
Salt (NaCl), Gold (Au), Carbon
dioxide (CO2), water (H2O)
Mixtures
 More than 1 type of matter
 Includes homogeneous mixtures
and heterogeneous mixtures
 can be separated by physical
means (filtered, boiled, etc)
Salt water, kool-aid, orange juice with
pulp, salad dressing
Pure substances
Substance
Atom
Molecule
Element
Explanation
 the smallest form of matter
 all matter is made up of atoms
 can not be broken down any further
 made up of protons, neutrons and
electrons
 2 or more atoms bonded together



Compound


A pure substance that can not be
broken down into simpler substances
A single type of atom with the same
number of protons (atomic number)
All of the elements are organized on
the periodic table
Two or more different types of atoms
(different elements) bonded together
A pure substance that can be broken
down into simpler substances but
only by chemical means (you can’t
separate them physically)
Example
An atom of oxygen (O)
A molecule of oxygen (O2)
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Calcium,
Sodium, Neon, etc
Salt (NaCl)
Water (H2O)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Science 3200 Unit 1
Notes 1.1- 1.4
Classifying Mixtures
Homogeneous (Solution)
Explanation
 only 1 phase is
observable
 all looks the same

Heterogeneous

Examples
Kool-aid
Tea
Coffee
Salt water
2 or more phases are Salad dressing
Pizza
observable
can see different parts Water and oil
Compare physical and chemical changes 1.3
Description
Examples
Physical change
A change in which
 no new substance is formed
 it is more easily reversed than
a chemical change
Chemical Change
 a new substance is formed
 is usually very difficult (or
impossible) to reverse
Cutting, melting, evaporating
Shredding paper, chopping wood,
mixing kool-aid and water
Burning, rusting, reacting
Burning wood, a car rusting, mixing
baking soda and viegar
Describe 4 pieces of evidence for a chemical change
1. a precipitate (solid formed from mixture of two solutions)
2. gas is produced
3. colour change
4. energy is taken in or given off
*energy can still be taken in or released in a physical change of it is a change of state
(solid-liquid-gas)
Describe how you can test for 3 commonly produced gases
Oxygen- a glowing splint re-lights
Hydrogen- a burning splint makes a “pop”
Carbon Dioxide-
-a burning splint goes out
or –limewater turns milky when the gas is bubbled through it
Science 3200 Unit 1
Notes 1.1- 1.4
Periodic Table and Elements 1.4
The periodic table is an arrangement of elements according to atomic number
The periodic table is used to
1. explain properties of elements
2. predict properties of elements
Define
Atomic number- represents the number of protons in an atom
-
the periodic table is arranged by atomic number
Period -horizontal rows of the table (there are 7)
Group/ family- vertical columns of the table (there are 18)
-
families or groups of elements share similar characteristics
Metals and non metals are separated by a “staircase”
Physical
Properties
Chemical
Properties
Metals
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lustrous
Malleable
Ductile
Conduct heat and electricity
High melting and boiling points
Solid at room temperature
(except Hg)
Many react with O to form metal
oxides that are basic
Lose one or more electrons to
form positive ions
Non metals
• Non lustrous (dull)
• Brittle
• Poor conductors
• Have a range of melting and boiling
points
• Solid liquid or gas a room
temperature
•
•
Many react with O to form nonmetal oxides that are acidic
Gain one or more electrons to form
negative ions
*Nobel gases (the last column in the periodic table) are very unreactive
Science 3200 Unit 1
Notes 1.1- 1.4
Write the name, symbol and atomic number for 3 metals
Name
Symbol
Atomic Number
Write the name, symbol and atomic number for 3 non- metals
Name
Symbol
Atomic Number
Write the name, symbol and atomic number for 3 noble gases
Name
Symbol
Atomic Number
Science 3200 Unit 1
Notes 1.1- 1.4
Atomic Structure and Subatomic Particles
Atoms contain 3 types of subatomic particles
Subatomic Particle
Symbol
Charge
Mass (amu)
Location
Protons
p+
Positive
1
Inside the nucleus
Electrons
e-
Negative
0
Orbiting outside of the nucleus in
energy levels
Neutrons
n
No charge
1
Inside the nucleus
Determining the number of subatomic particles
Subatomic Particle
How to find the number
Equals to the atomic number
Example Ca
20
Equal to the number of protons because the
charges balance
Equal to the atomic mass minus the atomic
number
20
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
40 – 20 = 20
Atomic Structure
•
Protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus (centre)
•
The electrons are arranged outside of the nucleus in levels
•
Each energy level can only hold a maximum number of electrons
1st level -2
2ndlevel- 8
3rdlevel -8
How to Draw Bohr Diagrams
1) Draw a small circle- put the symbol in the centre
2) write a small p and the number of protons below the symbol
write a small n and the number of neutrons below this
3) Draw a circle around the nucleus
4) Add dots to represent electrons – start from inside to outside
5) Continue until you’ve draw the correct number of electrons

Draw Bohr diagrams for the first 20 elements