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Name _______________________________ Date ________________ Hour__________ CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Reading Guide Chapter 2.2 Minerals Read this section on pages 44-49 and answer the following questions. Minerals 1. What is a mineral?___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What does naturally occurring mean? ______________________________________________________________________ 3. Why is mercury not a mineral? ________________________________________________________________________ 4. What does it mean to be a crystalline substance? ________________________________________________________________ 5. Why is quartz a mineral and opal not, even though they contain the same elements? ___________________________________________________ 6. What is the chemical formula for quartz?____________________________________________________________________ 7. What does inorganic mean?______________________________________________________________________ How Minerals Form 8. Where do silicates form? _______________________________________________________________________ 9. Where do carbonates form? _____________________________________________________________________ Crystallization From Magma 10. What is magma? ____________________________________________________________________________ 11. Where does it form? _____________________________________________________________________________ 12. As magma cools, which minerals form first? ___________________________________________________________________ 13. Last? _______________________________________________________________________________ Precipitation 14. What happens as water, which has many dissolved minerals, evaporates? _____________________________________________________ 15. List two minerals that form from precipitation. a. _______________________________________ b. _______________________________________ Pressure and Temperature 16. What does an increase in pressure cause minerals to do? ___________________________________________________________ 17. What can happen when a change in temperature causes a mineral to become unstable? _____________________________________________________ Hydrothermal Solutions 18. What are hydrothermal solutions? ________________________________________________________________ 19. What is the temperature range of hydrothermal solutions? _____________________________________________________________ Mineral Groups 20. How many minerals have been named? ____________________________________________________________________ 21. How are minerals classified into groups?__________________________________________________________________ 22. What is the most common group of minerals on Earth?_____________________________________________________________ Silicates 23. What are the two most abundant minerals in Earth’s crust?_______________________________________________________________ 24. What do they combine to form?_____________________________________________________________________ 25. How do most silicate minerals crystallize?___________________________________________________________________ 26. What clues can silicate minerals provide to scientists?___________________________________________________________ Carbonates 27. What do carbonates contain?____________________________________________________________________ 28. What is the most common carbonate mineral?____________________________________________________________________ Oxides 29. Oxides are minerals that contain what?_____________________________________________________________________ 30. List three oxides. a. _______________________________________ b. _______________________________________ c. _______________________________________ Sulfates and Sulfides 31. What do sulfates and sulfides contain? __________________________________________________________________ 32. What is the chemical equation of galena? ___________________________________________________________________ Halides 33. What are halides? ____________________________________________________________________________ 34. What are two elements in the halogen group? __________________________________________________________________ Native Elements 35. What are native elements? ______________________________________________________________________ 36. List seven native elements. a. _____________________________ b. _____________________________ c. _____________________________ d. _____________________________ Chapter 2.3 Properties of Minerals Read this section on pages 50-54 and answer the following questions. Color 37. Is color useful in identifying minerals? __________________________________________________________________ 38. Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________________ Streak 39. What is a minerals streak?______________________________________________________________________ 40. Why is a minerals streak a better indicator than the color?___________________________________________________________ Luster 41. What is luster?______________________________________________________________________________ 42. In what two ways can it be described? a. ____________________________ b. ____________________________ Crystal Form 43. What is crystal form?_________________________________________________________________________ 44. What is the shape of a quartz crystal? ____________________________________________________________________ 45. What is needed for a crystal to develop with well-formed faces? _________________________________________________________ Hardness 46. What is hardness?____________________________________________________________________________ 47. What is the standard hardness scale called?__________________________________________________________________ 48. What does this scale consist of?______________________________________________________________________ 49. What is the hardness of your fingernail?_____________________________________________________________________ 50. What is the hardness of glass?_____________________________________________________________________ 51. What is the hardest mineral on Earth?_____________________________________________________________________ Cleavage 52. What happens when weak bonds are stressed? _______________________________________________________________ 53. What is cleavage? ___________________________________________________________________________ 54. How does mica cleave? ________________________________________________________________________ 55. How many directions of cleavage does halite have? ______________________________________________________________ Fracture 56. What is fracture? ____________________________________________________________________________ 57. What is conchoidal fracture? ___________________________________________________________________ Density 58. What is density? ____________________________________________________________________________ 59. What two things can density be used to determine? a. _________________________________ b. _________________________________ Distinctive Properties of Minerals 60. List four distinctive properties. a. _______________________________ c. _______________________________ b. _______________________________ d. _______________________________