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AP U.S. Government and Politics Unit 5 The Judiciary Review Items Test: Wednesday March 21, 2012 (Red) Thursday March 22, 2012 (Blue) Review Session: Wednesday 3/21/12 at 7:10 a.m. In addition to reviewing homework assignments, lecture notes, quizzes and the multiple choice questions in the study guide, students should have a strong understanding of the following terms and concepts. Chapter 16: The Federal Courts Terms standing amicus curiae brief stare decisis judicial review class action suit original/appellate jurisdiction judicial restraint/activism Questions 1. Compare and contrast criminal and civil law in terms of purpose, parties involved and the penalty / punishment in each. 2. Compare and contrast plaintiff and defendant 3. Distinguish between original and appellate jurisdiction. 4. Describe district courts, circuit courts of appeal and the Supreme Court. What do they each do? 5. (a)Describe the selection and removal of federal judges. (b)What is senatorial courtesy? 6. How is the Chief Justice chosen? 7. Explain the backgrounds of Supreme Court justices in terms of demographics, geography, experience, partisanship and ideology. 8. How does a case reach the Supreme Court? Be sure to explain “the rule of four” and “writ of certiorari” in your answer. (a)What types of cases is the Supreme Court most likely to select? (b)How many are heard each ear and what % is that of all requested (approximately)? 9. Explain the role and functions of the solicitor general. 10. Explain written briefs, amicus curiae briefs, oral arguments and opinions (majority, dissenting, and concurring). Identify and explain the significance of the following terms: stare decisis and precedent. 11. What is strict constructionism or original intent? Why is it controversial? 12. Explain the significance of the landmark case Marbury v. Madison, 1803. Explain what judicial review means in your answer. (p. 528) 13. Compare and contrast the philosophies of judicial restraint and judicial activism. Chapter 4: Civil Liberties Terms civil liberties Bill of Rights (esp. 1st, 5th, 6th, 8th Amendments) th 14 Amendment incorporation doctrine prior restraint libel probable cause exclusionary rule right to privacy Questions 1. What is the most important difference between the Supreme Court’s decision in Barron v. Baltimore and Gitlow v. New York concerning the Bill Of Rights? 2. Compare and contrast the establishment clause and the free exercise clause of the 1st Amendment as it relates to freedom of religion. 3. Explain how the following Supreme Court cases are significant concerning the establishment clause of the 1st Amendment: Lemon v. Kurtzman, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, Engel v. Vitale, and School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp. 4. What is prior restraint and how is Near v. Minnesota significant? 5. Explain the significance of the rulings in the following cases concerning free speech and public order: Schenck v. U.S. and Dennis v. U.S. 6. What was decided in Roth v. U.S. regarding obscenity? How was did the Miller decision change things? Why is obscenity still hard to prevent today? 7. Compare and contrast libel and slander. How are the standards for winning libel lawsuits different for public figures and private individuals? 8. What is symbolic speech? Is it protected under the 1st Amendment? 9. What is commercial speech and who regulates it? 10. Describe the relationship between the following terms: probable cause, unreasonable searches and seizures, search warrant and exclusionary rule. 11. What are the three guidelines for police questioning of suspects as established in Miranda v. Arizona, 1966? 12. What is the significance of the Supreme Court case Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963? 13. Why do most charges end in a plea bargaining agreement? 14. Describe the relationship between the 8th Amendment and the death penalty. (b)How are the Gregg v. Georgia and the McCleskey v. Kemp decisions relevant? 15. (a)How does the Constitution imply a right to privacy? (b)List and explain the importance of Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Chapter 5: Civil Rights Terms Civil Rights Act of 1964 13th Amendment ERA Voting Rights Act of 1965 14th Amendment ADA 15th Amendment poll taxes affirmative action Questions 1. Compare and contrast civil rights and civil liberties? 2. What protections does the 14th Amendment provide and how are they significant to the idea of equality in the U.S. Constitution? 3. What are the Supreme Court’s three standards for classifications under the equal protection clause? (b)Give and example of each. 4. Describe the struggle for equality for African Americans in three historic eras. 5. Compare and contrast the significance of the Supreme Court cases of Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857, Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 and Brown v. Board of Education, 1954. 6. What’s the difference between de facto segregation and de jure segregation? Which did the Supreme Court find unconstitutional? 7. List and briefly describe the six major provisions are the focus of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 8. (a)List and explain four ways in which southern states denied African Americans the right to vote. (b)What did the 24th Amendment and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do to address these problems? 9. Describe the trends in re-drawing voting districts that occurred following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Supreme Court’s significant rulings about the matter. 10. How have women been denied equality with men in U.S. history? Explain the doctrine of coverture in your answer. 11. Identify and explain the significance of the following: the 19th Amendment and the Equal Rights Amendment. 12. How has Congress attempted to end sex discrimination in the area of employment? 13. What is meant by comparable worth? 14. How has the Supreme Court dealt with the issue of sexual harassment? 15. In what ways are the elderly discriminated against in the U.S.? 16. What are the main provisions of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990? 17. What, generally, have the courts said regarding gay and lesbian rights? Landmark Cases There will be a matching section that requires you to know the significance of the following cases. Prepare by reviewing case background and issue, how the Supreme Court decided and what the Court’s reasoning for their decision was. 1) Marbury v. Madison, 1803 2) McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 3) Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 4) Barron v. Baltimore, 1833 5) Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 6) Schenck v. U.S., 1919 7) Gitlow v. New York, 1925 8) Near v. Minnesota, 1931 9) Korematsu v. U.S., 1944 10) Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 and Brown II, 1955 11) Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 12) Baker v. Carr, 1962 13) Engel v. Vitale, 1962 14) Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 15) Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S., 1964 16) New York Times v. Sullivan, 1964 17) Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965 18) Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 19) Tinker v. Des Moines School District, 1969 20) Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1971 21) New York Times v. U.S. (Pentagon Papers Case), 1971 22) Wisconsin v. Yoder, 1972 23) Furman v. Georgia, 1972 and Gregg v. Georgia, 1976 24) Miller v. California, 1973 25) Roe v. Wade, 1973 26) Buckley v. Valeo, 1976 27) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978 28) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 1987 29) Texas v. Johnson, 1989 30) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 1989 31) Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 1992 32) United States v. Lopez, 1995 33) Gratz v. Bollinger, 2003 and Grutter v. Bollinger, 2003 34) Lawrence v. Texas, 2003 FRQ Potentials There will be ONE FRQ on the test. It will be either about civil rights or on civil liberties. You will be asked to apply knowledge of 1-3 the landmark cases above. The review session on Thursday morning will provide some help on the specifics but studying up front will be imperative.