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What do vaccines contain? What do antibodies do to the MO’s? Why do we have vaccinations? What illnesses does the MMR vaccine protect us against? What is an antibiotic? What can happen to 1 in 100000 people who catch measles? In the 1990’s MMR was linked to what condition? Explain why antibodies are specific to certain illnesses Name 3 diseases that you have been vaccinated against What is a superbug? What can antibiotics destroy? What is the size range of most bacteria? What is the smallest microbe called? What is the marker called on a MO? Why does there have to be a new flu vaccine developed each year? State 2 benefits of receiving the flu vaccine What happens to an MO when a mutation occurs? Why are people in poorer countries more likely to get ill? Explain why smallpox has been wiped out but flu can’t be. What is an antibody? List 4 lifestyle factors that increase the risk of heart disease What does correlation mean? Why is heart disease more common in the UK than some other countries? What are the main 2 ways to make a health study viable? What happens to heart tissue if starved of oxygen? What is a typical UK diet high in levels of? How do arteries and veins differ? What r…… makes data in studies more reliable? What 3 stages of testing does any drug have to go through? What is the correlation between BMI and heart attacks? What does a double blind trial mean? Why do arteries have more muscle and elastic fibres? What do chemicals in cigarette smoke do to cells in the lungs? What does BMI mean? What is the difference between cause and correlation? Why is smoking bad for the heart? Is someone who smokes going to develop lung cancer? Explain….. What happens in the coronary artery to cause heart attack? What stops backflow of blood and which blood vessel are they in? What is a placebo? For 1 in 100000 people, measles can be fatal Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccinations make us immune to diseases without catching it Any from: Polio, TB, MMR, Tetanus, Diptheria, meningitis C Bacteria range from 1-5 micro metres An antibody is a chemical made by certain white blood cells An antibiotic is a chemical that kills bacteria and fungi Marker on a MO is called an antigen Smallest microbe is a virus Smallpox has a low mutation rate but flu has a high mutation rate Any from: The MO’s Poor hygiene, DNA changes over crowding, weaker, less access to medicines Antibodies make the MO’s stick together Vaccines contain dead or inactive forms of the disease Certain antibodies fit with certain antigens MMR was linked to autism Antibiotics destroy bacteria and fungi not viruses Superbugs are resistant to all antibiotics but one Smaller risk of developing flu, saving to NHS of £1000’s The flu vaccine reproduces quickly and has a high mutation rate Veins contain less elastic fibre and muscle than arteries and vice versa Damage them and cause cancer A UK diet is The heart typically high tissue will in fat die as respiration will stop BMI stands for Body Mass Index It becomes blocked A placebo looks like the treatment but has no drug in it Valves stop backflow of blood in the veins There is a high correlation but this doesn’t mean always In less developed countries the typical diet is lower in fat Repeatability Large sample size and matching the groups Any: lack of exercise, smoking, diet, stress, high b.p. high cholesterol It means that the evidence shows a link Arteries have to cope with a much higher pressure of blood Smoking as well as fat can block the coronary artery 1. Human cells 2. Animal tests 3. Clinical trials The higher the BMI the higher the risk of heart attack Both the doctor and the patient do not know if the drug is being given Correlation is a link; Cause means it definitely causes it