Download Roden`s "tiny" Fill-in-the-Blank Unit 9 Study Guide Notes

Roden’s Unit 9 (WWII) “tiny” Study Guide 
1920’s: Isolationist Policy
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 Treaty of Versailles (1919)
 U.S. doesn’t sign the treaty or join the League of Nations.
 Why? wants to be _____________________; doesn’t want to by pulled into
foreign wars; ___________________ wants to retain power of declaring _____
 Immigration Quota Acts (1921, 1924, 1927, 1929)
 Purpose of acts = to limit (stop) immigration into U.S. from Southern & Eastern
Europe; to be isolated
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 1921 = ____% quota based on ______ census
 1924 = 2% quota based on 1890 census
 Washington Naval Conferences (1921-1922)
 4 Power Treaty = revokes __________________________ Alliance
 Purpose = to end alliance b/w #1 and #3 naval powers in the world; to
protect the ________________.
 5 Power Treaty = ___-___-____-______-1.75 = GB, U.S., Japan, Italy & France
 Purpose = naval _____________________; prevent war; protect U.S.
isolationism
 ___ Power Treaty = continuation of Open Door Policy; no imperialization of
China
 What country violates this in 1931? _______________
 Does the treaty have an enforcement mechanism to punish that country?
Explain.
 _____. The world is oddly “shocked” & verbally reprimands Japan.
Japan __________ the League of Nations & goes rogue.
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 Dawes Plan:
 What was it? ____________ plan to stabilize the ________________ in Europe
to benefit the ______; U.S. intervened in _____________________ finances &
German ___________________ payments in the __________.
 Why? “The business of _________________ is business.”
 U.S.S.R.:
 U.S. refuses to ________________________ acknowledge the new U.S.S.R. in the
1920s
 _______ will officially recognize the U.S.S.R. in the 1930s
 U.S. _________ increase __________ with U.S.S.R. though. 
 Latin America:
 _________ Memorandum (1928) = U.S. tells Latin America it won’t
_________________ in their affairs; revokes the Roosevelt _________________.
o How does it promote isolationism?
 U.S. is now ________________ b/c it isn’t intervening in Latin
America.
 _______________ extends the Clark Memorandum.
 Kellog-Briand _________ (______):
 What did this treaty say? Countries sign this treaty and promise _____ to
attack/__________ other countries; agree ______ is illegal; goal is to stop
imperialism & war.  No ___________________ mechanism though. 
 Why did the U.S. love this? Promotes ________________________! 
 Who violates it in 1931? ____________
 How does the U.S. respond?
o __________________________ Doctrine = U.S. _____________ reprimands
Japan; U.S. does NOT recognize ___________________ as Japan’s; U.S.
implements some eco. ________________.
_________: Road to WWII
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1931: Japan invades Manchuria
 Why? Imperialism; territorial expansion to be a world __________!
 What international treaties does this violate?
o League of Nations __________________, ___ Powers Treaty &
Kellog-Briand _________
 How does the U.S. respond?
o __________________________ Doctrine
______: FDR is elected president of the U.S. & promises a “New __________.”
 What is going on domestically in the U.S.? Great Depression!!! 
 So, U.S. foreign policy is very isolationism!
______: The U.S. extends diplomatic recognition to communist __________
 4 reasons FDR finally recognized U.S.S.R.:
o 1. changing _____________ of Americans toward communism (not
so scared)
o 2. America wanted to _______________ exports & ________ with
this country
o 3. ________________& __________ were building up their
________________, so it was in U.S. best interest to have friends
o 4. __________ had imperial designs on the ___________ & the
U.S.S.R. would be a good ________ in the Pacific
_______: Who is elected Chancellor of Germany? ______________________
 What political party does he represent? National ________________ Party
(___________)
_______: What two countries resigned from the League of Nations & started rearming?
 ____________
 ________________
o Hitler _________ the League of Nations if Germany could start
rearming 1st, but when it said ____ Germany ______ the League &
rearmed violating the Treaty of _________________.
1934-1937: ______________ _______ Committee investigation
 What was it investigating? Whether big _______________, munitions
makers, war industry producers (etc.) ____________________ WWI & U.S.
entry into it to make ___________.
 What did the Nye Munitions Report conclude? That ______, U.S. bankers,
financiers, and munitions corps had been a determining factor in the U.S.
gov’ts decision to enter WWI. The Report said it had _________ of this
______ it never reported it. Hummmmmm.
o This report further isolates the U.S. & pushes ________________.
 What was the “merchants of death” thesis?
o “merchants of death” = WWI __________________ who
maneuvered the U.S. into war to save money on their
______________________ abroad.
_______: What country invaded and took over Ethiopia? _____________
 How did the League of Nations respond?
o Put an ______________ on ________ related items. It didn’t help at
all. 
1935-________: ________________ Civil War
 Who was fighting? ____________ (Franco) v. Republicans (Loyalists)
 Who won? _______________
 Did the U.S. intervene or take sides? ______.
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Why is this considered foreshadowing of WWII in Europe?
o Hitler & Mussolini ________ Franco. (All are Fascists)
o U.S. can’t intervene & help Loyalists b/c of ______________ Acts.
 What speech does FDR give b/c of this?
o The “_________________________ Speech”
1935-1937: U.S. Neutrality Acts promote _____________________ & try to protect
__________! U.S. _________ passed a complete embargo of trade with all belligerents
leading up to WWII.
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_______ Neutrality Act = banned the sell of ________ to nations @ _____
(belligerents) and warned American citizens not to _______ on belligerent
ships.
o It was not an embargo on oil, steel or copper to belligerents.
 _______ Neutrality Act = gave the _________________ the authority to
determine when a state of war existed & prohibited ________ ($) to
belligerents!
 _______ Neutrality Act = Belligerents must pay _______ & ________
______-arms bought from the U.S. home on their own __________.
 U.S. still can’t sell arms (______________) to __________________.
 Belligerents have to come to the ________ to buy goods and take
them home.
 This law benefits the __________(w/ the Allied blockade).
 Pres. determines if a _________ war threatens world peace.
 This law was in reaction to the Spanish ________ War.
March 1936: Germany invades the _______________________
 Where is this? west of Germany (Belgium Rhineland  Germany)
 What does the world do/say? Verbally reprimands Germany.
_______-1945: Sino-Japanese War
 Who is fighting & where? __________ attacked ___________
 How does the U.S./world respond?
 Verbal reprimand
 1937-______ China fights Japan _________! This war merges into
________ after Japan attacks __________ Harbor. The ______ will
join China in Pacific as an _______.
May 1937: Who is elected Prime Minister of Great Britain? Neville ________________
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Aug. 1937: Germany opens its 1st concentration camp for people who oppose the Nazi
Party. What is it called? _____________________________
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________: Anti-__________________ Pact
 Who were the members of the Pact? _____________, ________ &_______
 The pact was directed against the Communist International (Comintern)
but specifically against the _____________.
 Pact agreed to protect each other if attacked by a ____________________
nation, unofficially creating the ________ Powers.
 _______________ breaks this pact when it makes the ______-Aggression
Pact w/ the ___________ in _______.
 The _________________ Pact replaces it Sept. 27, 1940.
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Oct. _______: ______ gives the “Quarantine” Speech.
 What was this speech in response to?
o ___________________ aggression of Italy (toward ___________) &
Japan (toward __________)
 What does FDR want?
o To ________ being as isolated!!!
o Wants to stop aggressive nations with _______________ pressure, a
forceful response BUT not ____________ military action!!!!
 Do the American people want the same thing?
o ____! This _________________ isolationism in U.S.
o Speech backfires.
Dec. 1937: __________ incident occurs
 What was this?
o _________________ blow up _____ boat, Panay, by “accident” off
coast of __________.
o 4 years later Japan will do this again in Hawaii on purpose.
 Who apologizes & why?
o ___________ apologizes to U.S. after we used extreme pressure.
o Why? Japan is not ready to fight & beat U.S. in ________ & they
know it
March 1938: Germany invades what country? ___________
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Sept. _______: _____________ Conference
 Where is Munich? __________________
 What did Hitler want & get in the Munich Pact?
o ____________________ (part of Czechoslovakia)
 What is “appeasement?”
o Give Hitler what he __________ (satisfy/appease him) so that he’ll
be ________ & stop expanding territorially.
o Hitler said he was appeased & would stop expanding if given the
Sudetenland! (_______!!!!!!!)
o Purpose of appeasement is to avoid ______.
 Who was appeasing whom?
o Debatable!!!
o _________ & France thought they had the upper-hand and were
appeasing Hitler.
o Hitler was playing their game & buying ________ before he
invaded more countries!!
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What does Prime Minister Chamberlain say after the conference?
o “_________ in our time is at hand”
o Ironic b/c ____ year later Hitler invades Poland & ______ begins.
Chamberlain will quit in embarrassment & Winston Churchill
replaces him as Prime Minister of Britain.
Oct. 1938-1939: Hitler invades all of Sudetenland & then all of _____________________.
 So, appeasement _________ work!!!
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Briefly why doesn’t it work?
o Hitler knew how to play the game. He was playing along all the
while preparing and building up the ________________ in
preparation for world domination. 
Nov. ______: _________________________
 What was this?
o “Night of _____________ Glass”
o ___________ businesses & homes raided & destroyed by German
___ this evening! Incites terror & fear.
April ________: _________invades what country? _____________
Aug. ________: Non-Aggression Pact b-w Germany & ____________
 What was the pact?
 ________ and ________ agreed ____ to fight each other. Instead,
they would _______ invade ___________ and divide up the
country.
 Why does Germany make this Pact?
o To avoid fighting a two __________ war stuck in the middle like
WWI. This way Germany only has to fight a _____________ front.
 What does Germany agree to?
o Attack Poland from ________ and to _____ attack the USSR
 Did Germany intend to keep this agreement? NO
 What does the U.S.S.R. agree to do?
o Invade Poland from ________! Not fight Germany.
 Why did the U.S.S.R. agree to this pact?
o Stalin needed ________ to build up the ______Army to fight the
________. If he had not had the time provided by the pact, the Nazi
Blitzkrieg may have made short work out of the Soviet Union. The
land (Poland) was an added bonus.
 What is Germany promise the U.S.S.R. for signing the pact?
o ____ of Poland and ____________, Estonia, _________ & Lithuania
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Sept. 1, 1939: Germany invades what country starting WWII? ____________
 What does the U.S.S.R. do simultaneously?
o Invades Poland from the east moving ________
 What two countries declare war on Germany? ___________ and
____________
 What does the U.S. do? remains _______________
 Albert Einstein’s letter to FDR (1939):
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Review:
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Fascism = eco. & political system. _________ is more important than
___________; dictator, __________ and _________ ownership;
totalitarianism
Communism = Economic, social, and political system. _________ is more
important than citizen. All means of production owned by _______,
___________ system is goal; totalitarianism
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Democratic-Republic = representative government; political system.
Protects basic rights; citizens more important than __________.
o Capitalism = private ownership of production! Little government
regulation of economy; supply and demand regulate.
 ____________ who rise to power in 1920’s & 1930’s:
o Germany = __________ = 1933 = _________
o Italy = _______________ = 1922 = _________
o Spain = _________ = 1936/7 = ___________
o Russia = _________ = _________________
o Japan = __________________ = _____________
 4 ways FDR/U.S. remained neutral in the 1930s:
o Issuance of the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine
o Prohibiting Americans from traveling on belligerent ships
o Refusing to allow Americans to sell weapons to belligerents
o Requiring nations at war to pay for non-military goods with cash
& to carry those goods on their own ships
WWII begins in Europe & U.S. Neutrality:
 ______ = U.S. __________ Neutrality Acts to: “_______ and ________” to ________________
o Why did FDR revise the Neutrality Acts? To aid _____________ without war
o Who was this revision suppose to aid? _____________ (US will aid Allies w/o war!)
o What was the “Cash and Carry” revision exactly?
 Now “cash and carry” for ________________ to belligerent countries
 Ends arms/ munitions ______________
 Sept. 1939-March 1940 = __________ War
o What was this?
 Time in WWII _______ Germany invaded Poland but _____ military
operations occurred
o What ends it? ____________________
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1940: Norway, Denmark, Holland,
Belgium, Netherlands and France
1941: Soviet Union
March-June 1940 =Blitzkrieg
o What was this? _______________ War
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Initial bombardment followed by _______________ mobile forces attacking
w/ _________ and _____________ to prevent enemy from ________________ a
defense
o What countries does Germany control afterwards?
 Denmark, Norway, _______________, Belgium, Luxembourg, and ________
June 1940 = Germany defeats _______________ 
o What government does the Nazi’s place in control of France? ____________
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July ________ = Battle of _______________
o Why does Germany attack Great Britain?
 ________ Allied country not taken over by Germany
o How does Germany attack Great Britain? ______________
o Great Britain breaks the German code “________” to help overcome air raids. 
o What else does Great Britain invent to help overcome the German air attacks?
 ___________ and code breakers like the __________ Machine (they share with
US!!!)
o Which country ultimately wins the Battle of Britain? ____________
Sept. 1940 = Tripartite Pact
o Signed by Germany, Italy & Japan to share control of the ___________. YIKES!!!
o What do these countries agree to?
 Germany will get to control =____________
 Italy will get to control =_____________
 Japan will get control of = __________ and _____________
o These countries are now referred to officially as the “Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis”
1940 = _________________ _______ Committee is created
o Why did U.S. die-hard isolationists form this group?
 To speak out ______________ departure/watering down of Neutrality acts
o Who were its leaders? Charles _______________, Sen. ______, Sen. Robert Taft
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Sept. _______ = _________________ for __________Agreement
o Why did the U.S. agree to “lend” its older WWI destroyers to Great Britain?
 Britain was fighting Germany by itself.
 Britain was running out of ________ and was _______.
o What did the U.S. get in return?
 US transferred _____ old destroyers to Britain for rights to build air and naval
bases on 8 British ___________ in the ___________ Hemisphere.
o Was this a signal of the end of U.S. neutrality? Explain.
 _______. US is obviously not being neutral and helping the _________!
 FDR argues he is only ____________the Atlantic, thus the _____ from attack.
Sept. 1940 = Congress passes the Selective Service & Training Act
o 1st _____________ draft in U.S. History
o Required all men between the ages of ____ and 35 (later ____&_____) to __________
for the draft.
o It limited ______________men in times of peace.
Nov. 1940 = FDR elected to _______ term easily 
Jan. 1941 = FDR gives his “Four Freedom Speech”
o What are the four freedoms all people in the world have a right to?
 Freedom of _____________
 Freedom of ______________
 Freedom from _________
 Freedom from __________ so disarmament is needed & dictators must go!
o Why did FDR give the 4 Freedoms speech?
 To get support for the ___________________ Act.
o Norman ____________________ painted famous paintings representing these. 
March ________ = Lend Lease Act ****
o This is a ___________ of the “Cash and Carry” of the ____________________ Acts.
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How? What does the Lend Lease Act state?
 *Ends “_________” part of “Cash and Carry”!
 Pres. can “lend, lease, sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of war ___________
to _____ country the _________ deems vital to the ___________ of the U.S.”
 FDR says, “It’s like lending a friend a hose when his garage is on ________!”
 Taft says “it’s like lending chewing _______ you don’t want back”
Why did FDR revise the “Cash and Carry” policy?
 ___________ was running out of cash and needed supplies
This Act was designed to help what country? ____________
Why doesn’t the U.S. offer this deal to the U.S.S.R. until 1941? Does it cause
problems later?
 USSR wasn’t a U.S. _______ @ this time
 Later when the USSR joins Allies, the U.S. was ________ @ them for the NonAggression Pact with ________________.
 Lots of resentment will occur when USSR suffers extreme losses and $.
FDR’s “____________ of ________________” was his ways of helping the Allies (Britain)
___________the U.S. joined WWII.
o Examples include: Atlantic Charter, stationing troops in _________________,
patrolling the se lanes in the Atlantic w/ American destroyers, and the 1941 LendLease Act.
Fall 1941 = U.S. __________________ naval war with Germany
o FDR agrees to escort British ____________ ½ ways across the Atlantic to give them a
better chance of making it safely w/o German ___________ blowing them up.
 Waters down the “________” section of the 1937 Neutrality Act! 
o Sept. = German U-boat fires on the U.S. destroyer the Greer. 
o Oct. = A German sub attacked the U.S.S. ___________ damaging it. 
o Oct. = What U.S. destroyer was sunk by a German U-boat killing hundreds of
American sailors?
 ___________________________ 
 How does FDR respond?
 He asks Congress to ____________ the “carry” section of the 1937
Neutrality Act! So, U.S. can deliver supplies to England
 Does Congress approve this? _________ When? __________________
o Nov. = FDR ________ U.S. destroyers to shoot U-boats on site. War is ___________!
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June 1941 = Germany attacks the U.S.S.R.
o What pact between Germany & the U.S.S.R. was violated when Germany attacked
the U.S.S.R.? _________________________ Pact
o Explain why Germany broke this pact.
 Battle of Britain was a _____________, so Germany shifts gears and attacks
USSR.
 Germany __________ intended to honor pact. ____________ and Communists
are not friends. Germany wanted World Domination.
 Germany needed _____ in USSR
July 1941 = __________ takes over _________ __________________
o What countries made up Indochina?
 _____________, _______, and ____________________
o Why did Japan want it?
 Japan wants it to stop all ___________ into China
o Explain why was it easy for Japan to invade & take over France’s colony of
Indochina?
 France had already been conquered by ________________ in the Blitzkrieg
o How did the U.S. & the British respond to this?
 __________ embargo on Japan
_______ _______ = U.S. declares an ____ ___________ on Japan
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The U.S. responded to Japan’s invasion of French Indochina by:
 1. _________ Japan’s assets in the U.S.
 2. embargo on all oil __________ to Japan
Oil was Japan's most crucial imported resource; more than ______ % of Japan's oil
imports at the time came from the United States!!!! 
Aug. 1941 = The ____________ Charter is signed
o Where did this meeting take place?
 On the U.S.S. ________________ off coast ______________________.
o This was a secret meeting between what two men?
 Winston __________________ (Britain) and ________ (U.S.)
o Why was this meeting & the charter a secret?
 U.S. ___________ @ this point
 Atlantic unsafe (___________) = big risk for Churchill
o What are the “Four Basic Freedoms” both countries agreed to?
 1. ___________________________________ for all nations
 2. opposition to territorial ___________________
 3. freedom of the ______ and arms control
 4. repudiates any territorial gains made as a result of ______
Sept. 1941 = U.S. poll on entering WWII
o _____% of Americans wanted to stay ______ of WWII.
o FDR needs the Axis Powers to attack the U.S. to get big public support for war.
Nov-Dec.7,1941 = U.S.-Japanese negotiations
o U.S. ______________ Japan is willing to negotiate & __________________ on
imperialism & embargo to avoid ______.
o Japan is planning to attack Pearl Harbor the entire time.
 Planned on ceasing negotiations _____ minutes before attacks on Pearl
Harbor.
o Sat., December 6 = FDR makes a final appeal to the Emperor of Japan for peace.
 Does the Emperor reply? _________
 Later that same day, the U.S. ____________________ service begins
intercepting a 14-part Japanese message and deciphers the first _____parts,
passing them on to the President and Secretary of State.
 The Americans believe a Japanese attack is imminent, most likely somewhere
in ____________________________.
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Dec. ___, ________ = Pearl Harbor
o Website of photos: http://www.war-veterans.org/Pearl.htm
o Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
 To hurt/defeat U.S. to get control of _____.
 Pearl Harbor was located in what U.S. territory? ______________.
 Why was Pearl Harbor important to the U.S.?
 ___________________ (gas station)
 parked _________________ there
o 7:70-10 a.m. = planes and midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy began a
________________ attack on the U.S.
 Japanese were under the command of Admiral _______________________
o What were goals of the Japanese attack?
 To cripple the U. S. _______________ for a period of up to ________ months,
preventing aggressive action against imperial forces, with the fleet to later be
drawn out into a final battle and destroyed.
 This goal eluded the Japanese as U. S. forces were acting aggressively in the
South Pacific within ______ days and the fleet was fully effective within a
__________.
 There was never the kind of massive fleet battle that the Japanese hoped for.
o Was the Japanese attack a tactical success?
 Almost. By a matter of chance, of the ____ of the Pacific Fleet carriers that
would normally be at Pearl that morning, ____ were at sea on exercises and
____ was on the U. S. west coast for maintenance. 
 Not knowing the location of these ships Japan cancelled the _____ strike,
sparing the Pacific Fleet ________ force, important __________________
facilities and critical _________ supplies.
 The survival of the repair shops would enable rapid restoration of the
fighting capability of the fleet. 
 The carriers that survived would later be used in the _______________ raid,
the Battle of the ________________ (where the Japanese forces were turned
back in their thrust toward Australia), and the Battle of ____________ Island
(where naval aviation forces from U.S. carriers sank four Imperial carriers.)
o Upon completion of the attack Yamamoto is quoted as saying:
"_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________”
Dec. ___, 1941 = Japanese attack _____________________, Guam & ____________________
o Who was the U.S. military leader in charge of the Philippines?
 Douglass _________________________
o How much warning did the U.S. have before Japan attacked the Philippines? _____
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Did the warning make much of a difference? Explain.
 _____!!! Japanese devastate Philippines and easily have Victory. Douglass
MacArthur leaves in 1942 and promises he’ll ___________________ .
IV. U.S. in WWII: 1941-1942
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Dec. ____, 1941 = U.S. Congress declares war on Japan
 FDR says Dec. 7, 1941 is “______________________________________________.”
 Dec. 11, 1941 = U.S. declares war on fascism: Germany & Italy
o Why did the U.S. declare was on Germany?
 b/c U.S. needed to help _______________ immediately even though Germany _________
attacked the U.S.!
 Plus, FDR ________________ Churchill at secret ______________ Conference that the U.S.
would help them as soon as U.S. joined WWII.
o What were the two theaters (fronts) of WWII for the U.S.?
 __________________ theater
 __________________ theater
 Dec. 1941-March 1942 = _______ ______________ Act is passed by Congress
o What was this?
 Congress gave the president __________________ authority to create new executive
agencies (like OPA), to reorganize existing agencies, to have control over all trade, to
provide ___________________, to take property, establish ________________controls to
protect consumer’s interests and prevent _______________________.
1942:
 Jan. 1942 = Office of _____________ Administration (OPA) is created
o What did this agency do?
 Successfully combated ________________ by fixing _________ ceilings on commodities &
introduced ________________ programs during WWII.
 1942 = General Maximum Price Regulation Act
o What did this act do?
 Immediately froze _________ & est. the ______________ system that was in place for
most of the war!
 Needed due to Great Depression economic troubles.
 1942 = Revenue Act of 1942
o What did this act do?
 Greatly _______________ the # of Americans who had to pay ___________ income
________, thus increasing the amount of federal _______________ ($).
o Why was more federal revenue needed during WWII?
 War is _____________________!!! Weapons, soldiers, atomic bomb project (Manhattan)
 To combat inflation during WWII the U.S. government:
o Increased ______________ rates
o Increased federal income taxes (& ________________ them)
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o Set _________ controls (ceilings) on staple goods
o Pressured some _________________ into canceling planned price increases
Late ______ = Lend Lease Act extended to U.S.S.R.
o U.S. now lending U.S.S.R. ______ supplies.
o U.S.S.R. is fighting Germany ________ on the _____________ front b-w ________ & ________.
 _____ million Soviets will eventually die. 
 USSR ______ for more than lend lease! Wants _______ on the Eastern front!
o American efforts to aid the Soviets will come through the _______________________.
 U.S. makes ports in _______ to make planes, trucks, guns, etc. & then ships them by train
to the U.S.S.R.
Jan. 1942 = War Productions Board is created
o What did this war board do?
 Converted _______________ from civilian to military production of goods for the war.
 Manufacturing output _______________.
 Helps economy recover from Great Depression. 
Feb. ______ = Executive Order __________
o What was this?
 FDR ordered all Japanese and people of Japanese ____________ living on the
________Coast be moved (forcibly if necessary) to ___________________ military camps
in the _____________ of the U.S.
 They will remain there until 1945/46
 ________ of all people placed in the Japanese internment camps were American
______________. 
o Why?
 ___________ of Japanese after Pearl Harbor attack!!
o Did FDR ever order Germans or Italian removed to internment camps? _____.
 Why? _________________________________.
Jan.-Aug. 1942 = Battle of the ____________________
o Which theater of war were these battles?
 __________________ (helping Great Britain)
o What were these battles?
 Battles in then Atlantic Ocean between _____& ________________.
 German torpedoes were deadly accurate (even though _________ was used by the U.S.)
& over ______ U.S. ships were sunk by German U-Boats 
o Why did these battles occur?
 U.S. ____________ on the way to Britain taking food & supplies were attacked by
German U-Boats & destroyers.
17





First 6 months of 1942 are disaster in the Pacific.
o Why?
 Japan takes over: Guam, Wake Islands, Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, East Indies & the
Philippines 
 Japan cuts off all supply routes from India to China.
 Looks like the Allies may ________ the war. 
Jan.-March 1942 = Japan takes over the Philippines.
o Japan invades Philippines & ____________ U.S. troops led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur w/draw
to _____________ (near Manila)
o Who is forced to abandon his troops in the Philippines and escape to Australia because he was
too valuable to be caught?
 Gen. Douglas MacArthur
o What is MacArthur famous for saying?
 “_________________________________.”
o What was the Bataan Death March (May 5, 1942)?
 _____________ American & Filipino prisoners are forced to march _____ miles to a POW
camp.
 _____________ prisoners (POWs) are executed or ________ of weakness on the march
(tortured & even burned alive) 
April 18, 1942 = Doolittle’s Raid
o What was it?
 1st _____ raid by the U.S to strike Japan during World War II.
 Goals were to make the Japanese _______ their leadership and to ________ American


morale.
The raid was planned and led by Lieutenant Colonel James "Jimmy" Doolittle 
The plan called for them to hit ____________ targets in Japan, and land in
_________although one B-25 landed in Soviet territory.
18
o



Why was it important?
 It demonstrated that Japan itself was ____________________ to Allied air attack and
provided an expedient means for U.S. ___________________ for Japan's attack on Pearl
Harbor on 7 December, 1941.
May 1942 = Battle of Coral Sea
o Where was this battle?
 Off the coast of __________________.
o Why is it important?
 U.S.’s 1st decisive __________________!
 American ___________ launched from aircraft carriers were able to ________ the
advance of several large Jap. troop transports. These troops were to be used to defeat
____________________________.
 After this, the Jap. will _________ again mount a planned attack there.
 This battle & the Battle of Midway are the _____________________ battles of the Pacific.
June 4-7, 1942 = Battle of Midway
o What caused it?
 Japanese leaders were rattled by the Doolittle’s raid b/c its bombs might have killed the
emperor!! The American __________, they decided, had to be destroyed!
 They wanted to cut off U.S. ____________ lines to _____________________. So, decided to
attack Midway Island—the ________ American base __________ of Pearl Harbor.
o Why did U.S. win this battle?
 U.S. ________________________ learned of _________ to attack Midway 
o How did the U.S. win this battle?
 U.S. Admiral _______________ used this as an opportunity to ____________ the Japanese
fleet.
 Japanese planes were hit with U.S. anti-aircraft fire, shooting down _______ planes. 
 Japan lost over 100 ___________ which hurt their Air War.
 U.S. planes caught Jap. ______________ by surprise; their fuel, bombs, & aircraft were
exposed.
 ___ Japanese carriers (out of 10) were sunk, 7 out of 11 others _________ were
destroyed, thus destroying the ___________ of their navy. 
o Why is this battle the turning point battle in the Pacific front?
 This hit the Japanese hard; it _________Japanese _____________________ in the Pacific
 Japan no longer had any hope of attacking the U.S. ______________________. 
 Japanese Americans continued to be ________________ in camps, though. 
19


Einstein & Oppenheimer
June 1942-1945 = Manhattan Project begins
o What was the project?
 A top secret research project to research all aspects of creating an _____________ bomb.
 It was an international group of people working in various parts of the U.S. to complete
this purely _________________ project.
o What caused the Army Corp. of Engineers to start this top secret project?
 In ______, the Nazis were rumored to be developing an atomic bomb. _____________ &
Fermi in a 1939 letter to FDR warned that Germany was working on building a bomb
through nuclear ______________.
 The United States initiated its own program under the Army Corps of Engineers b/c
America needed to build an atomic weapon before Germany or Japan did.
Who was the head of this project?
 ___________________________________
o Where was the bomb built?
 _______________________, _________________________
o When was the 1st atomic bomb tested?
 ________________ Test in New Mexico dessert, _______ 1945 while Pres. _____________
was at the ____________________ Conference.
Aug. 1942-Feb.1943 = Battle of Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands)
o Why was this battle significant?
 It was the 1st time the U.S. defeated the Japanese on ________with hard jungle fighting.
o



September 1942 = Battle of ___________________________
o What happened?
 Hitler ordered the German army to attack Russia (Stalingrad) during the ___________ of
_________to _________.
 Russians defeat the Germans, and for the rest of the war the Germans are on the
_____________________ retreating _________.
o Why did Hitler attack Russia at Stalingrad?
 Some believe that Hitler ordered the taking of Stalingrad simply because of the
_________ of the city and Hitler's hatred of Joseph Stalin. For the same reason Stalin
ordered that the city had to be saved.
20
Why is this battle important?
 Possibly the most important WWII battle; many consider it to be the turning point battle
in ___________ for WWII.
 1st time ________________ are defeated in a _________ battle in WWII.
 It is the _______________ battle in modern history, with combined casualties estimated
to be above _______ million. The battle was marked by brutality and disregard for
military and civilian casualties by both sides.
 For the rest of the war Germany will be retreating to the EAST! Russians will continue to
push westward until they occupy ____________ in the spring of ________. 
 Stalin will be __________ at the Allies for not launching a ______ front earlier. Russians
were forced to fight Germans essentially alone in Europe. 
1942 = Battle of El Alamein
o Germans take over EL Alamein in western ____________. The German’s goal is to push further
east and take over the _________ Canal and control the mid-eastern ______ supply.
o The Allies (led by the British) stop the Germans here and capture the German leader, the
“Desert Fox” ______________. Germany surrenders all of North Africa in May 1943 after
Operation Torch led by Gen. Eisenhower. 
1943:
 Jan. 1943 = Casablanca Conference
o Who was there?
 ______ & _____________ (Stalin was invited but ________ come BIG MISTAKE)
o What did they agree to do there?
 To create a _____ front by invading through __________ & then ________
 Underbelly attack
 To provide aid to the U.S.S.R.
 And to continue the war until all Axis powers “__________________
surrendered”
 Home front:
o The home front during WWII was economically invigorated by military ___________ 
o Rural areas lost ___________________ while ____________ areas increased rapidly
o Government ____________ rationing during the war!
 Production stopped on many ____________ items, such as __________________,
new _____________, and new ___________________. This was good for the
economy b/c overproduction & under-consumption leading cause of Great
Depression.
 Meat, sugar, butter, _____________, gasoline, tires, shoes and clothing were
rationed.
o



Local schools set up stations where people could get their ration ______________
with _________________ handling the paperwork 
21
Each person (regardless of _____) received the same food and clothing coupons.
To purchase an item three things were needed: the storekeeper had to have the
item in __________; the purchaser had to have the ___________, and the
________________ for the goods.
 With ________ of all ______________ goods going to the ______________ or to
allies, Americans turned to _______________ ______________, planting 20 million
of them to provide vegetables for their families.
 Most automobile drivers received coupons for _______________ per week; those
who could document special needs received extra gasoline coupons.
 There was ___________ of gasoline; the rationing was an efficient way to
ration automobile _________, with rubber in short supply. Sneaky 
 A ________________ speed limit of _____ miles per hour was imposed to
save fuel and ___________.
 _______________, ___________ and ____________ were ______ rationed.
 People eating in __________________ had to pay with cash & ration coupons, too.
 Rationing was generally ________________________ by the civilian population,
although there was some __________ market activity, that is, purchase of an item
without the coupons.
 The government ___________________ black marketers.
 There was much "__________ market" activity = that is family and
neighbors selling or ______________ ration coupons; that was technically
illegal but rarely prosecuted.
 Rationing was _____________ because of the needs of the men and
women ___________overseas & a very important key to the success of the
U.S. war effort.
 Rationing was also needed because of the limited _____________
capabilities during the war. Many cargo ships were converted from
public use to _______________ use to aid in the war effort.
WWII propaganda: __________________


o
o
o
_________________ entered the workforce in increasing numbers!
 ___________ the _______________ symbolized American _____________ women
during the war.
22







o
o
o
Girls took ______________ jobs vacated by men fighting (patriotic duty to work)
Women paid ________ than men, even in _______________ industry 
Women could join the _____________________________________.
After war women encouraged that now their patriotic duty was to go back home
& be ________________________ (movie: Mona Lisa Smiles)
Women during the war:
 Women joined Women branches of the armed services (_____________ &
____________)
 # of women in the workforce increased ______% w/ women taking
servicemen’s jobs
 Most new workers were ____________ & ____________
 Most worked in heavy ________________ jobs (“Rosie the Riveter”)
 Paid less & unequal treatment
 After war, __________ to leave temporary jobs & return to full-time roles
of housewives & mothers so ______________ could have their jobs back.
2nd Great Migration = Black Americans moved ___________ & __________WWII from
the rural South to Northern & Western __________ with racial tensions often resulting
 June ________ = race riot in _______________, Michigan
Smith-Connolly Act (1943):
 ________________ Act
 Congress gave the federal government the power to ___________ a plant or mine
idled by a strike if it hurt the war effort.
 Expired in __________.
United Mine Workers go on strike 
23
o
All-American ____________ Baseball League is founded in 1943 
o

 Movie: League of Their Own
 Wartime _________________ for thousands of fans
Movies: Patriotic & Comedies




o
o
_________________________ emphasized self-sacrifice & helping the war effort
_______________________ evoked nostalgia & reminded why we were fighting.
 Music by ___________ Berlin (_______ _______ Alley)
War Bonds: Used in WWI to help _______________ the war & used in WWII as well
24
o
o

Double _____ Campaign:
 Many black Americans took important factory jobs & signed up for military
service.
 Discrimination against blacks in military & it was still _________________.
 Black Americans on the homefront started the Double V campaign = victory over
________________ & __________ BUT also victory over racial ________________
at home.
 C.O.R.E. (_______________ for ___________ _______________) was founded in
1942 and organized the 1st racial equality ____________ & _____________ (used in
1950s & 60s)
1943: European Theater
o Bombings of Europe:



o
U.S. started to bomb the _________________ continent from planes in July 1942
Bombing _____________________ during 1943 & 1944 and lasted until the end of
the war. 
 Purpose was to wear down the enemy for _________invasion.
 Movie: Memphis Belle
July 1943 = Invasion of Italy
 Led by Gen. George _____________
 U.S. attack through Sicily to get into Europe.
 Allies take control of Italy in ____ month.  _________________ is forced out of
power. 
 Germany hears of fall of Italy on the __________; invade Italy, and then push the
Allies __________ to the tip of the peninsula. 
25
It takes the Allies nearly a ________ to really get control of Italy back; sections of
Italy will remain in _________ control until spring of 1945. 
 Allies ____________ Rome (and the Coliseum) on June 4, 1944 (D-Day in
Normandy is ___ days later)
 U.S. military leaders believed Italy to be of little strategic value & thought
the 2nd front thru France should have occurred ____________.
 FDR had acquiesced to Churchill, who had wanted the southern
approach through Italy @ the Casablanca Conference.
 Stalin was extremely frustrated and angry at FDR & Churchill.
o Nov.-Dec. 1943 = ______________ Conference
 It was the 1st WW II conference among the Big __________ (the Soviet Union
(Stalin), the United States (FDR), and the United Kingdom (Churchill)).
 It’s followed by the __________ Conference and ______________ Conference.
 Why did they get together?
 To plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany & its allies.
 Stalin wanted a ______________ _______ front opened ASAP
 What did they agree to?
 Operation Overlord (___________): invade ___________________, France
 Agreed to schedule it in May 1944, in conjunction with the Soviet
_________on Germany’s _____________ border.
 The attacks would combine the force of _____________, the United
Kingdom, the U.S., and numerous other countries, and would later be
known as "D-Day", the series of battles that decided the war’s end.
 Dwight D. ________________________ was named the Commander of the
Allied _______________________ Forces
 The “Big Three” spent days wrangling about when Operation Overlord
should take place, who should command it, and where operations should
begin.
 The three countries also recognized _____________ independence.
 1943: Pacific Theater
o The Allied strategy to defeat the Japanese by __________ ________________ took effect.
 Goal = to neutralize Japanese strongholds with _____ and _____ power and then
move from island to island until U.S. gets to island of _________.
 ____________ forces commanded by = Gen. Douglas _____________________.
 ____________ forces commanded by = Admiral Chester __________________.
1944:
 Home Front:
o ______________________________ v. U.S. (1944):
 Supreme Court ____________ FDR’s Executive Order ________ (he made it in
1942) that stated _____________ (Japanese Americans who emigrated from Japan)
and ____________(native-born Japanese Americans) be relocated to internment
camps
 Why? Camps based on “military ________________” The camps closed in March
1946.
 U.S. _______________ apologized to them in _______ & paid $_________to the
____________ survivors.
 _____ of all people placed in the Japanese internment camps were American
citizens 
o Smith v. ______________________(1944):

26
The Supreme Court struck ____________ the Texas ________________ elections,
which only allowed ____________ to participate, for violating the
___________________________ Amendment. 
Presidential Election of 1944:
 FDR with new vice-presidential candidate Harry S. ________________ of
Missouri defeated Republican NY Gov., Thomas _______________.
 FDR won on promise to begin postwar ___________________.

o
o
o


__________ Bill of Rights (1944):
 Act that provided ____________________, medical care, job training,
unemployment pensions, compensation, and offered _________________ loans to
male & female war _________________. 
o Aug.-Oct 1944 = ________________________ Oaks Conference
 Discussed the future make-up of the ______________ ____________ (UN)
including which states would be invited to be members of the General Assembly,
the formation of the United Nations Security Council, and the right of ________
that would be given to the Security Council's permanent members.
European Theater
o March 1944 = ___________ begins pushing into Eastern Europe 
o June 4, 1944 = Allies liberate Rome, Italy. 
o
_________ ___, ______ = D-Day
 Allied armies under Dwight D. Eisenhower, now commander-in-chief of the
Allied Expeditionary Forces, invade Normandy, France
 Largest_________________________ attack in world history
 Over 1 __________ Allied troops storm the beaches & begin the
___________toward Germany
 Allies use ___________ ships to invade German held France
 Turning Point in WWII in ________________.
27


o
o
o


FDR finally opened 2nd ________________ front in Europe 
 FDR promised Stalin he’d do this in 1942 & at the Tehran Conference in
1943. (Oops )
June 8, 1944 = _________ conquered completely by Allies
August 1944 = Allies liberated Paris (Eiffel Tower is now free  )
 Who was the U.S. General who liberated Paris with his _______ Army?
 Gen. ___________________________________
Mid-September 1944 = Allied army arrives at ____________ River, on the edge of
Germany.
Dec. 16, ________ = Battle of the ________________
 Last German _____________________
 (rubber band battle)
 Allies driven 50 miles back into __________________
 Allies line bends “bulges” but does not break
 By Jan. 1945 Allies are once again marching ______________ Germany
Pacific Theater
o Jan.-June 1944: Island Hopping is a _________________!
 U.S. hopped from the Marshalls to the Marianas Islands
 After the U.S. captured the _______________ Islands, General Tojo Hideki
______________ as premier of Japan. 
o June 19-20, 1944: Battle of the Philippine Sea
 Big U.S. victory 
 Japanese lost 3 carriers, 2 subs, and over 300 planes
 America lost 17 planes
o Oct. 25, 1944: Battle of Leyte Gulf
 Japan lost most of its remaining naval power 
 1st use of the Japanese ____________________, or suicide attacks by Japanese
____________ who crashed into American ______________ 
o Late 1944 = American ________________ can take off from controlled islands and reach
major Japanese cities & _____________ back. 
 Massive bombing attacks occur!
o
28
1945:
 European Theater:
o
o
Feb. 4-11, 1945 = ___________ Conference
 “Big Three”= Churchill, __________________ & Stalin met to discuss
_____________ Europe
 FDR was very _____at Yalta; he would only live another ___ months 
 ___________ agreed that the U.S.S.R would:
 __________ the Pacific war ____ days ________ Germany surrendered to
help the ______.
o This made ________ happy 
 Keep _________________ control of all areas the U.S.S.R. had _________
from Nazi control in Eastern Europe until ________ elections could take
place!
o Churchill wanted the free elections & democratic governments in
Europe.
o Stalin will _____________________ this & while he has temporary
control he’ll help ______________________ governments take
control!!!  They have “_______” elections & they become
communist countries.   No more free elections for them. 
 They ______agreed to have a ______________________ to finalize the world peace
organization (UN), to meet in the U.S. beginning on April 25, 1945 (San Francisco
Conference)
 Agreed U.S.S.R. would have 3 General Assembly votes
 Security Council would have ___ ____________________ members =
_____, __________________, _____________, ____________ & __________
o __________ power for permanent members to block unwanted
decisions (U.S.S.R.  w/ this)
 FDR _________be @ Potsdam Conference b/c he died. Truman will
attend after being President for ____ weeks.
 They agreed that the _____________ would be the ____________________
surrender of _________________________.
 Agreed to ____________ Germany into _____ occupation ___________.
 Administered by _____________, _______, ____________ & ___________
29


___________ was located in the ____________ zone & was divided into
____zones as well.

Agreed that _________________ would be controlled by a coalition government
of __________________& ______-communists. 
 This doesn’t last for long & it is taken over by communists! 
 Stalin doesn’t want to be attacked a _____ time through Poland.
 FDR ________________ Soviet control of Outer Mongolia, the Kurile Islands, the
southern half of Sakhalin Island, Port Arthur, and the participation in the
operation of the Manchurian railroads.
 U.S. & U.S.S.R. agreed to attack ____________ held by Japanese forces.
 U.S.S.R. would attack ____________ Korea (above the _______ parallel)
 U.S. would attack ___________ Korea (____________ the 38th)
 These decisions made at the conference (& the U.S.S.R. does not totally follow
them) are major reasons for the beginning of the ________________!!!!!!
March 1945 = ___________ crossed the Rhine River & enter Germany 
April 1945 = Eisenhower’s forces met the ____________ army at the ________ River.
__________ 12, ________ = ________ dies of a cerebral hemorrhage in Warms Spring, GA

o
o
o
30
o
o
o
Photo: Mussolini & his mistress executed
April 28, 1945 = Mussolini is ___________________ after having been captured by Allied
Italian partisans.
April 30, 1945 = Battle of Berlin:
 ________________ take over _____________.


o
o
o
Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker before the Russians
captured him
 He shot himself while simultaneously biting into a cyanide capsule
 Hitler had his dog Blondi poisoned before his suicide to test the poison he
and Eva Braun (his mistress whom he had married the day before) were
going to take.
 Hitler's body and that of Eva Braun were put in a bomb crater, doused in
gasoline by Nazi loyalists, and set on fire as the Red Army advanced
 When Russians reached the area, they found Hitler's body and an
autopsy was performed using dental records to confirm the identification.
 The remains of Hitler and Braun were secretly buried by the Russians. In
1970, the remains were reportedly exhumed and thoroughly cremated. A
fragment of his skull may still be held by the Russians. Creepy.
May 7, 1945 = Germany surrendered  = V-E Day = ___________ in ___________ Day
April-June 1945: ______________________________ Conference
 1st ______________ of the United Nations
 The _____________ _______________ veto powers were established and the text
of the UN _______________ was finalized 
31
o
o
July 17-August 2, 1945 = _______________ Conference
 _________ conference among the ___________ leaders
 Participants:
 U.S.S.R. = ________________
o He arrived at the conference a day late, citing "official business"
that required his attention, but he actually suffered a minor
___________attack.
 Great Britain = Churchill & then ____________
o During the conference, the United Kingdom held its general
election and Churchill was replaced by Clement Attlee.
 U.S. = ________________
o During the conference, Truman mentioned an ________________
"powerful new weapon" to Stalin; Stalin, who had known of its
existence long before Truman ever knew, through
_____________________, encouraged the usage of any weapon that
would hasten the end of the war.
o Truman ____________ the dropping of the atomic bomb on
Hiroshima while ____the conference
 Why did they hold this conference?
 To decide how to ____________________ the defeated Nazi Germany, that
had agreed to unconditional surrender ____ weeks earlier on _____ Day.
 What were the goals of the conference?
 The establishment of post-war _________, peace _____________, and
countering the __________ of war.
 Did much get done at the conference?
 ______. Stalin & Truman had BIG ______________________ differences
on the ___________________ of ____________ Europe.
 Truman wanted ________ elections held in ______ Eastern European
countries.
 Stalin wanted those countries to be ________________ countries to act as
_______________ for potential future invasions of the U.S.S.R.
 What did they actually decide?
 __________________ Trials for top Nazi leaders would be held would be
held (Nuremberg Trials)
 _______________________ & __________________________ of Germany
32

Pacific Theater:
o
o
o
o
March 1945 = Gen. Douglas MacArthur is BACK!!!!!! 
 MacArthur __________________Manila (Philippines)! Island Hopping Rocks!
 Atrocities for Bataan Death March revealed

Feb-April 1945 = Battle of _________ ___________
 ______________ American casualties 
 Famous photo of _______________ raising U.S. flag
April-June 1945 = Battle of _____________________
 _____________ American casualties 
 Japan’s remaining ___________________ virtually _____________________.
 Nothing left (islands) to stop an _____________ invasion of Japan.
33
o
o
o
o
o

July 16, 1945 = ________________ Test
 a nuclear test of a ___________________ bomb 35 miles from Alamogordo, NM
 The Fat Man bomb, using the same conceptual design, was dropped on
________________________, Japan, a few weeks later.
 The detonation was equivalent to the explosion of around ______ kilotons of
TNT and is usually considered as the beginning of the ______________Age.
July 26, 1945 = Potsdam __________________________
 Don’t get this mixed up with the Potsdam Conference!!!
 Participants = Churchill, Truman and Chiang ___________________ (China)
 The _______________ was _____ at war with __________ during the
Potsdam Conference, so they weren’t participants to this.
 What did they do?
 Issued the Potsdam Declaration which outlined the terms of ____________
for Japan during WWII in Asia.
 What did they declare?
 The agreement stated that if Japan did _____ unconditionally surrender, it
would face "______________________________________________". This
was an ultimatum with a big threat w/o specifically mentioning of the
atomic bomb.
August = Japan's __________________ the terms of Potsdam Declaration
 Why?
 Refuse to ___________________________ surrender.
 The day we bombed Nagasaki there is evidence Japan was trying to make
a conditional surrender that the Emperor remain in power 
August 6, 1945 = Atomic bomb “___________ _____” dropped on Hiroshima
 Why did the Truman drop the bombs instead of an ariel attack & U.S. invasion
of the Japanese mainland?
 #1 reason: To save ___________________ lives!!!!! If lives have to lost let it
be theirs. Iwo Jima & Okinawa invasions = 70,000 American casualties.
Invasion of Japan would be much higher! 
 #2 reason: _____________ for Pearl Harbor & the Bataan Death March
 #3 reason: to ____________________ the ___________________ (next
potential enemy of the U.S.) by showing them what we had
 “Little Boy” bomb supposedly named for _________
 Constructed through the Manhattan Project
 1st ____________________-based atomic detonation ever
34


o
o
o
o
o
Who dropped the bomb?

Dropped by the 12-man crew of the _________ Super fortress __________
Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul _______________ of the United States Army
Air Corp.
 How many were killed? as many as ______________ people in Hiroshima
 Why drop it on Hiroshima & not another city?
 Industrial area with less ______________ & the city had been spared
conventional bombing in order to serve as a ____________ ___________,
one where the effects of a nuclear bomb on a previously undamaged city
could be observed.
 What did the tests reveal?
 The damage came from three main effects: __________, _________ &
________________.
August 8, 1945 = ______________ attacks ________________________ & invades
Japanese-held ___________________(fulfilling their part of the __________ Agreement)
 The U.S. ___________ ratified the UN ____________ becoming an official
member, too. 
August 9, 1945 = “Fat Man” dropped on _________________________
 “_______ Man” supposedly named for ____________________
 It was a more powerful bomb with a ___________________ core.
 Killed as many as ___________ in Nagasaki
 The hilly terrain made damage somewhat less extensive than that in
relatively flat Hiroshima.
 Since then, thousands more have died from injuries or illness attributed
to exposure to radiation released by the bombs.
__________________, 1945 = Japan surrendered, thus bringing the war to an end.
 Emperor ________________ announced Japan’s acceptance to the terms of the
______________ Declaration

__________ Day = Victory over Japan 
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o
o
Sept. 2, 1945 = Japan signs the Instrument of Surrender = _______________ surrender
 __________________ ending the Pacific War and with it World War II.
 Signed on the deck of the USS _________________ in Tokyo Bay
 Gen. Douglas _________________ signs it as a witness on behalf of the Allied
Powers
 Allied Powers allow Japanese Emperor to ________ in power.
o
o
War Crime Trials:
 1945-1946 = international military tribunal tried major war criminals in
___________________, Germany; ____ criminals were sentenced to be hanged.
 1946-1948 = international military tribunal tried major war criminals in Tokyo,
Japan; ___criminals were sentenced to be hanged
Minorities during WWII:
 Big Picture: The war helped to improve the conditions of some minorities, yet it also proved to
be a time of prejudice and discrimination for others.
 Black people and industry:
o 1941 = ________________________________, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping
Car ______________, demanded that the _______________________ require companies
receiving _________________ contracts to ________________ their work force.
 He planned a ___________ on Washington D.C.!!!
 _______ made Executive Order _________ in exchange for the march being
cancelled 
 Executive Order 8802 = integrated the _________________________________! 
 The Fair Employment Practice Commission (_______) was established by
Executive Order 8802 within the Office of Production Management to
____________________ alleged violations and "to take appropriate steps
to ____________ grievances which it finds to be valid."
 Other changes involving black people:
o 2nd Great Migration
o Race riots throughout the war in ____ cities 
o __________ est. using sit-ins & demonstrations against segregation
o Smith v. ________________t (1944) = _____ all-white _____________ elections
unconstitutional (15th)
 Mexican-Americans:
o 1942 = Mexico & U.S. governments agreed to a program by which Mexican
____________laborers would be admitted to the U.S. to work for a ____________ time.
 The labor _____________ provided these laborers w/ opportunities to work in
________________ instead of only on _____________.
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
The presence of ___________________, some of whom belonged to street gangs,
created conflicts in Anglo communities.
o
o
June _______ = riots against these Mexican-American “_______ _______”
____________________ (so called b/c of their style of dress), in response to their alleged
attacks on WWII _________________, resulted in a Los Angeles law prohibiting the
wearing of the suits.
 Police & ___________ tended to side with the _________________________.
 First Lady ____________ Roosevelt sided with the ________________________ 
 Native Americans:
o During WWII many Indians served in military ____________________ (Movie: Windtalkers)
o Many _______ reservations to ________ in war production.
o The wartime atmosphere encouraged __________________ & undermined the
revitalization of tribal ____________________.
Legacy of WWII:
 New U.S. position: U.S. emerged w/ __________ casualties compared to the other Allies and
the Axis Powers
o It was the only nation possessing the ____________ bomb!
o It became a __________________ and assumed leadership in world affairs.
 Economy: The war had a BIG effect on the U.S. economy.
o Many items were rationed during the war & continued to be in ________ supply for
some time thereafter.
o After FDR’s death, some wanted to dismantle the “_____________ state.”
o Others wanted to _______________ the progress made in regard to the unemployed, the
elderly, health care, and race relations.
o People ___________ a return of economic _____________________ after the war.
 Legacy: Federal ____________________ _______________________ dramatically during the war,
as did federal power.
o _____________________ became the single most important force in American life.
o Geographic _______________ increased as labor shortages created job opportunities.
o Blacks, women, and Mexican-Americans ___________________.
o Pent up _________________ demands exploded after the war.
o Higher ____________________ accompanied an increase in marriages for returning
veterans, foreshadowing the “_________ _________”: but separation also led to an
________________ divorce rate for some.
Stuff I may have forgotten to mention:
 During WWII, the U.S. tried to extend greater cooperation w/ the nations in Latin America.
o Why? Scared fascism might spread down there! So, tried to make the entire Western
Hemisphere solidly anti-fascist!
 Remember these important WWII Conferences:
o Casablanca
o Tehran
o Yalta
o Potsdam
 Remember these important UN conferences: Dumbarton, Yalta & San Francisco
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