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Name _________________________________________ Period ________ Plant Systems Review Explain the concept of feedback in plants? Include the vocabulary stimulus, positive and/or negative feedback, and response. Plants release hormones in response to a stimulus in the environment like light, touch, or water. In a positive feedback scenario, plants would continue to release a hormone in response to a stimulus. A negative feedback response would result in the removal of a hormone in response to a stimulus. Give an example of a stimulus that would cause a positive feedback loop and a negative feedback loop. If a plant were to identify the location of water in the environment, it will release a growth hormone causing the plant to grow in the direction of the water source which would be an example of positive feedback. A negative feedback loop would be a plant releasing a ripening hormone until the fruit was developed. The hormone production would stop. There are environmental conditions listed on the top and side of the table below. Match each condition on the table and describe an adaptation a plant could have to fit each set of conditions. Wet Dry Rocky Sandy Freshwater Aquatic Sunny and Hot No cuticle, shallow roots Deep roots with lots of root hairs, water storage Waxy neeedlike like leaves need few nutrients and prevent water loss Expansive root systems with high hair content No vascular system Sunny and Cold Leaves droop to eliminate excess snow accumulation Slow growing to reduce energy needs Short life cycles reduce the need for consistent energy Floating seeds Dark and Hot Broad leaves to capture small amounts of sun Dark and Cold Needle leaves, dark in color to absorb more sunlight Difficult for plants to survive Saltwater Aquatic Absorption of nutrients from the water What adaptations have plants developed to supply their need for energy, food and nutrients? Photosynthesis provides energy and complex root systems draw nutrients and water into the plant. For non-vascular plants, they have adapted to different conditions which do not require the large scale movement of nutrients and water throughout the plant. Some plants use __capillary_ action to draw fluid against the force of gravity and without muscles. Explain why plants are able to do that. How does water enter plant roots? Osmosis and negative pressure from transpiration draws water into the roots of plants. Explain the function of each of the following structures below (in plants)? a. Stomata Stomata are made of guard cells and are responsible for balancing the appropriate amounts of gas present inside the plant cells. Stomata also allow the movement of water into the plant and out of the plant (transpiration) b. Xylem The xylem moves water and nutrients from the soil up the plant. c. Phloem The phloem moves food (sugar) and water from the leaves to the roots d. Hormones Hormones are the only communication system that plants can utilize. They have no nerves so hormones are sent in reproduction, growth, and in times of stress. e. Flowers Flowers are used to attract potential pollinators and contain all the reproductive organs. Describe the function of a guard cell and compare its purpose to the respiratory system in animals? Guard cells become turgid (full) and open a pore in the leaves of plants to allow the movement of CO2, O2, and water in and out of plants. These cells are similar to the lungs or respiratory system in animals. What is a tropism? If a plant were to respond to light, you might call that tropism what? If a plant were to respond to the location of water, you might call that tropism what? Tropisms are response systems in plants. Light response is known as phototropism, water response is known as hydrotropism, and reponse to touch is known as thigmotropism. The following is a list of plant hormone classifications: Auxins, abscisic acids, cytokinins, gibberellins, and ethylene. What do these types of hormones control in a plant? Auxins, cytokinins and gibberllins all function as growth stimulators while abscisic acid is released in response to stress and ethylene is released to ripen fruit. How are hormones carried through a plant? The xylem and the phloem carries hormones transported in the water. How does water and nutrient transportation differ in vascular and non-vascular plants? Water and nutrient transportation occurs via the xylem and phloem in vascular plants. In non-vascular plants, there is no transportation system so the plants must live in an area where their nutrition and water needs are met. Non-vascular plants are simpler than vascular plants. Why would a plant store sugar and where would it store it? Plants store sugar in their roots as a result of over production in the leaves. Leaves are constantly producing sugar when conditions are sunny. Why do some plants need bright flowers to help them? Plants utilize bright flowers to attract potential pollinators. Other adaptations to attract pollinators would include attractive scents.