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Livia Chan
AP US History – Period 3
September 23, 2010
Chapter 4: The Empire in Transition ~ Key Terms (p.102-113)
Growing power of Parliament- (p.102) After Glorious Rev., George I and II = German
and not know Engl. Customs  relied on prime minister + cabinet members who
controlled majority of Parliament  feared angering colonial merchants/landholders b/c
depended on them for profit
Robert Walpole- (p.102) 1st prime minister who purposely ≠ strictly enforce Navigation
Acts b/c thought would ↑ commerce
Decentralized Colonial Admin.- (p.102) no colonial office in London est. 1696 Board
of Trade + Plantations but didn’t make any major decisions; main authority = Privy
Colonial, admiralty, treasury who admin. Law in Eng. and colonies  neglect colonies
(not as important) and colonists avoided trade restrict. w/ bribery  powerful colonial
legisl.
The colonists weren’t
even fond of the
Dominion of New
England; they
wouldn’t have wanted
the Albany Plan.
Powerful Colonial Legislatures- (p102) 1750s could collect taxes, approve appointments,
pass laws for own colony; controlled colonial budget (more pwr to gov) and could make
laws vetoed by Parliament by tweaking them
Albany Plan- (p.103) plan proposed by Ben Franklin to unify colonies under 1 general
govt. that would settle relations w/ Ind. (original meeting = make treaty w/ Iroquois b/c
ally w/ France -> threat); not approved and showed colonies = divided and no want unity
Seven Years’ War- (p.103) struggle b/w France and Eng. for dominance over world trade
In the war, Iroquois and naval power; (part of war in Amer. = French & Ind. War), upset balance of pwr b/w
League split b/w
English and French, Engl., French, Iroquois in Amer. (Eng. = dominant after war); tensions rose b/w Engl.
weakening the league. and Americans b/c closer contact
France’s North American Empire- (p.104) basically all of country’s interior
 1670s Louis Joliet + Jacques Marquette: Green Bay on Lake Michigan->AR+MS
 1682 René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed Louisiana for France
 1743 Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de La Verendrye: Lake Superior->Rocky Mts.
Iroquois Confederacy- (p.104) consisted of 5 Ind. nations: Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga,
Onondaga, and Oneida, most powerful tribal group after winning war against Hurons in
1640s; avoided close relationship w/ French and English -> balanced powers
Ohio Valley- (p.104) claimed by France, English expand into it, Iroquois = try to
establish trading presence there; became center of conflict b/w many groups
Queen Anne’s War- (p.105) 1703-1713 border fights b/w English vs. Spanish in S., Engl.
vs. French + Indians in N.; Treaty of Utrecht (1713) = large French terr. in N. Amer. to
Engl.
King George’s War- (p.105) 1744-1748 Engl. + France = opp. sides in war b/w Prussia
and Austria; aftermath = relations b/w France, Engl., Iroquois = gone
Iroquois = grant trading concessions w/ Engl.  France feared English use
concessions w/ Engl. -> France feared Engl. use concessions to expand into their
land -> French fortresses in Ohio Valley -> Engl. thought it was threat to west
settlements and built fortresses -> Iroquois balance of power was gone and allied
w/ British w/ passive role
Fort Necessity- (p.105) stockade built by George Washington near French Fort
Duquesne, VA failed to attack French  French attack Necessity Washington
surrender; event = beginning of French and Ind. War, most Ind. side w/ France b/c
thought VA defeat meant they were weak
Braddock Defeated- (p.105) General Edward Braddock = commander of chief of British
army, was ambushed by French + Ind. and killed; British forces were in disarray and
military recruitment slowed
William Pitt- (p.106) Engl. secretary of state + later prime minister; changed war in
Amer. by bringing entirely under British command, at first actions despised by colonists
but later on changed and was ok
Phases of French + Indian War: (p.105-107)
1. 1754 (Fort Necessity)  1756 (war begins in Europe): colonists handled war by
themselves, defended selves against Ind. allies of French
2. 1756-1758: France allied w/ ex-enemy Austria and Eng. w/ France ex-ally
It’s interesting how
France and Eng. are
Prussia; fighting expanded into W. Indies, Ind., and Europe, but mostly remained
taking diff. sides than
in N. Amer.
before but are still against
1757 William Pitt in control: force colonists to fight (impressments), took their
each other nonetheless.
supplies and forced them to offer shelter -> new rules = ↑ tensions b/w colonists
and British b/c colonists had handled it fine themselves before
3. 1758-1760: Pitt changed policies -> compensate for colonists’ supplies, military
recruitment given to colonists = ↑ enlistments, less troops to Amer.
Peace of Paris (1763)- (p.107) French gave up all mainland N. Amer. to Spain and
Britain; Britain = W. Ind. islands, Ind. colonies, Canada, all French land east of
Mississippi (except New Orleans), Spain = New Orleans + west of Mississippi
Consequences of the Seven Years’ War- (p.107) expand Engl. land in New World, ↑
Britain’s debt, British leaders angry that colonists didn’t help financially + sold goods to
enemy; colonists worked beside British for 1st time against common foe, impressments +
policies = ↑ tensions
King George III- (p.109) 1760 = king, unlike previous monarchs wanted to be more
active/responsible and had rare disease that made him sometimes insane->unstable govt.
The inability of the
colonists to follow
the Proclamation
probably gave Ind.
neg. view of Engl.
govt.; couldn’t even
control expansions
and could not follow
agreements.
Proclamation of 1763- (p.110) to appease Ind., forbid settlers from expanding past
Appalachian Mts. but was not followed by colonists; allowed London to control
westward mvmt -> hoped for controlled expansion and lmtd conflicts w/ Ind. tribes
Ind. Superintendents- (p.110) John Stuart (S. colonies) + Sir William Johnson (N.); both
sympathetic to native needs and even lived w/ them, Johnson married Mohawk Mary
Brant -> important person in Amer. Rev.
New Acts of 1760s- (p.110-111) attempt to reapply principles of mercantilism; collected
more revenue than before but new issues came up
 Sugar Act (1764) strengthened enforcement duty of sugar and est. special courts
to try smugglers; tried to eliminate illegal trade w/ French and Spanish W. Indies
 Currency Act (1764) stop colonies from issuing paper money and turn in all paper
money
 Stamp Act (1765) tax on all printed doc.
Paxton Boys- (p.112) 1763 group from Pennsylvania went to Philadelphia to ask for
relief from colonial taxes and money to help defend from Ind. -> govt. made concessions
to prevent killing
Regulator Movement- (p.112) 1771 in Battle of Alamance, militiamen vs. 2,000
Regulators (farmers in Carolina upcountry who opposed high taxes), 9 on each side died,
6 Regulators hanged for treason; showed how new British policies could trigger small
civil wars
September 24, 2010
Chapter 4: The Empire in Transition ~ Key Terms (p.113-125)
Colonists were
inspired to revolt b/c of
“no taxation w/out
representation”. They Effects of the Stamp Act- (p.113) affected all colonists unlike past Sugar Act; colonists
weren’t represented in felt it was a direct attempt to raise revenue in colonies w/out consent (in past, excused
Parliament and were taxes for regulating commerce); led to open protesting and many uprisings
not asked consent
when taxed.
Patrick Henry- (p.113-114) Virginian who strongly opposed taxing of colonists; May
1765 speech to House of Burgesses that if policies not fixed, off w/ George III’s head;
introduced set of resolutions including should only be taxed by own reps (all ideas
rejected but printed as the “Virginia Resolves”
James Otis- (p.144) MA colonist who persuaded assembly to call intercolonial Congress;
Oct.1765 Stamp Act Congress met in NY, delegates from 9 colonies petition king and
Parliament: said that colonists should only be taxed by own assemblies
Daughters of Liberty
formed during Tea
Act.
Sons of Liberty- (p.114) group of Bostonian men who opposed Stamp Act; terrorized
stamp agents and burned stamps  stamp sales stopped
Marquis of Rockingham- (p.114) July 1765 succeeded Grenville as prime minister;
convinced king to get rid of Stamp Act (repealed on March 18, 1766)
Declaratory Act- (p.114) assert Parliament’s authority over colonies; created in fear of
colonists disobeying future laws
Charles Townshend- (p.115) admin of colonies b/c even though Pitt in control, he was ill
and didn’t do much; tried to satisfy colonists but backfired
Mutiny Act (aka Quartering Act)- (p.115) forced colonists to provide housing and
supplies to British troops in Amer. that were there to protect from French or Ind.;
colonists defied act b/c had arldy been doing that voluntarily and felt it was another way
of taxing w/out representation
Towhshend Duties- (p.115) taxed certain imported goods from Eng. (lead, paint, paper,
tea); unacceptable to colonies b/c same purpose as Stamp Act
In England, the even
was known as the
“Boston Incident”,
showing how each
side viewed the
event. Colonists
exaggerated event to
create more tension.
Boston Massacre- (p.116) March 5, 1770 group of dockworkers started throwing rocks
and snowballs at customs house -> violence -> British soldiers fired into crowd -> 5
colonists died (one was mulatto, Crispus Attucks); became symbol for British oppression
and brutality
Samuel Adams- (p.116-117) effective radical of British oppression; speeches = ↑ support,
1772 created committee of correspondence in Boston to publicize opposition to Eng. ->
other colonies followed
Revolutionary Discourse- (p.118) colonists kept ideas of revolution alive through writing
and talking; published in pamphlets and books, men gathered to discuss resentment
toward English policies
Tea Act (1773)- (p.118-119) Britain’s East India Company = almost bankrupt -> govt.
tried to save co. by letting them export tea to colonists w/out paying tax; colonists angry
b/c colonial merchants feared being replaced and bankrupt by powerful co. another ex. of
taxation w/out rep.  boycott tea
Boston Tea Party- (p.115) Dec. 16, 1773 3 groups of 50 men each dressed as Mohawks
and dumped tea from 3 ships into Boston Harbor -> similar acts followed
Coercive Acts (aka Intolerable Acts) - (p.119-120) acts in 1774 that punished MA
colonists for tea party: Boston port closed, reduced colony’s self-govt., royal officers =
tried in other colonies or Eng., quarter troops in houses; isolated MA but ↑ resistance of
other colonies
Quebec Act- (p.120-121) extended Quebec boundaries to include French communities
b/w Ohio and Mississippi River and legalized Roman Catholic Church; colonists
speculated about plot by London to put them under control of pope and prevent westward
expansion
First Continental Congress- (p.121) Sept. 1774 meeting of delegates from all 13 colonies
except Georgia; made 5 important decisions
Militia of minutemen was
1. Rejected plan by Joseph Galloway (PA) for colonial union under British authority
formed to be ready at
2. Statement that demanded repeal of all oppression laws passed since 1763
minute’s notice.
3. Military preparations in case of British attack in Boston
Colonial merchants were 4. Stop all trade w/ Great Britain
probably opposed to the
5. Meet again in spring -> showed Continental Congress would be continuing org.
idea of not being able to
trade w/ Britain b/c was
probably one of their Conciliatory
main trade sources.
What would happen
if news about the
Conciliatory
Propositions got to
Amer. in time?
Propositions- (p.122) idea by Lord North; Parliament wouldn’t directly tax
colonists but would tell them when to tax selves -> news didn’t get to Amer. in time
before 1st shots of war
General Thomas Gage- (p.123) commander of British troops; hesitant to attack but did
when heard of storage of gunpowder in Concord; hoped to surprise but didn’t -> “first
shot heard ‘round the world” (no one knows from which side) -> Revolution begins