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Livia Chan AP US History – Period 3 September 23, 2010 Chapter 4: The Empire in Transition ~ Key Terms (p.102-113) Growing power of Parliament- (p.102) After Glorious Rev., George I and II = German and not know Engl. Customs relied on prime minister + cabinet members who controlled majority of Parliament feared angering colonial merchants/landholders b/c depended on them for profit Robert Walpole- (p.102) 1st prime minister who purposely ≠ strictly enforce Navigation Acts b/c thought would ↑ commerce Decentralized Colonial Admin.- (p.102) no colonial office in London est. 1696 Board of Trade + Plantations but didn’t make any major decisions; main authority = Privy Colonial, admiralty, treasury who admin. Law in Eng. and colonies neglect colonies (not as important) and colonists avoided trade restrict. w/ bribery powerful colonial legisl. The colonists weren’t even fond of the Dominion of New England; they wouldn’t have wanted the Albany Plan. Powerful Colonial Legislatures- (p102) 1750s could collect taxes, approve appointments, pass laws for own colony; controlled colonial budget (more pwr to gov) and could make laws vetoed by Parliament by tweaking them Albany Plan- (p.103) plan proposed by Ben Franklin to unify colonies under 1 general govt. that would settle relations w/ Ind. (original meeting = make treaty w/ Iroquois b/c ally w/ France -> threat); not approved and showed colonies = divided and no want unity Seven Years’ War- (p.103) struggle b/w France and Eng. for dominance over world trade In the war, Iroquois and naval power; (part of war in Amer. = French & Ind. War), upset balance of pwr b/w League split b/w English and French, Engl., French, Iroquois in Amer. (Eng. = dominant after war); tensions rose b/w Engl. weakening the league. and Americans b/c closer contact France’s North American Empire- (p.104) basically all of country’s interior 1670s Louis Joliet + Jacques Marquette: Green Bay on Lake Michigan->AR+MS 1682 René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed Louisiana for France 1743 Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de La Verendrye: Lake Superior->Rocky Mts. Iroquois Confederacy- (p.104) consisted of 5 Ind. nations: Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida, most powerful tribal group after winning war against Hurons in 1640s; avoided close relationship w/ French and English -> balanced powers Ohio Valley- (p.104) claimed by France, English expand into it, Iroquois = try to establish trading presence there; became center of conflict b/w many groups Queen Anne’s War- (p.105) 1703-1713 border fights b/w English vs. Spanish in S., Engl. vs. French + Indians in N.; Treaty of Utrecht (1713) = large French terr. in N. Amer. to Engl. King George’s War- (p.105) 1744-1748 Engl. + France = opp. sides in war b/w Prussia and Austria; aftermath = relations b/w France, Engl., Iroquois = gone Iroquois = grant trading concessions w/ Engl. France feared English use concessions w/ Engl. -> France feared Engl. use concessions to expand into their land -> French fortresses in Ohio Valley -> Engl. thought it was threat to west settlements and built fortresses -> Iroquois balance of power was gone and allied w/ British w/ passive role Fort Necessity- (p.105) stockade built by George Washington near French Fort Duquesne, VA failed to attack French French attack Necessity Washington surrender; event = beginning of French and Ind. War, most Ind. side w/ France b/c thought VA defeat meant they were weak Braddock Defeated- (p.105) General Edward Braddock = commander of chief of British army, was ambushed by French + Ind. and killed; British forces were in disarray and military recruitment slowed William Pitt- (p.106) Engl. secretary of state + later prime minister; changed war in Amer. by bringing entirely under British command, at first actions despised by colonists but later on changed and was ok Phases of French + Indian War: (p.105-107) 1. 1754 (Fort Necessity) 1756 (war begins in Europe): colonists handled war by themselves, defended selves against Ind. allies of French 2. 1756-1758: France allied w/ ex-enemy Austria and Eng. w/ France ex-ally It’s interesting how France and Eng. are Prussia; fighting expanded into W. Indies, Ind., and Europe, but mostly remained taking diff. sides than in N. Amer. before but are still against 1757 William Pitt in control: force colonists to fight (impressments), took their each other nonetheless. supplies and forced them to offer shelter -> new rules = ↑ tensions b/w colonists and British b/c colonists had handled it fine themselves before 3. 1758-1760: Pitt changed policies -> compensate for colonists’ supplies, military recruitment given to colonists = ↑ enlistments, less troops to Amer. Peace of Paris (1763)- (p.107) French gave up all mainland N. Amer. to Spain and Britain; Britain = W. Ind. islands, Ind. colonies, Canada, all French land east of Mississippi (except New Orleans), Spain = New Orleans + west of Mississippi Consequences of the Seven Years’ War- (p.107) expand Engl. land in New World, ↑ Britain’s debt, British leaders angry that colonists didn’t help financially + sold goods to enemy; colonists worked beside British for 1st time against common foe, impressments + policies = ↑ tensions King George III- (p.109) 1760 = king, unlike previous monarchs wanted to be more active/responsible and had rare disease that made him sometimes insane->unstable govt. The inability of the colonists to follow the Proclamation probably gave Ind. neg. view of Engl. govt.; couldn’t even control expansions and could not follow agreements. Proclamation of 1763- (p.110) to appease Ind., forbid settlers from expanding past Appalachian Mts. but was not followed by colonists; allowed London to control westward mvmt -> hoped for controlled expansion and lmtd conflicts w/ Ind. tribes Ind. Superintendents- (p.110) John Stuart (S. colonies) + Sir William Johnson (N.); both sympathetic to native needs and even lived w/ them, Johnson married Mohawk Mary Brant -> important person in Amer. Rev. New Acts of 1760s- (p.110-111) attempt to reapply principles of mercantilism; collected more revenue than before but new issues came up Sugar Act (1764) strengthened enforcement duty of sugar and est. special courts to try smugglers; tried to eliminate illegal trade w/ French and Spanish W. Indies Currency Act (1764) stop colonies from issuing paper money and turn in all paper money Stamp Act (1765) tax on all printed doc. Paxton Boys- (p.112) 1763 group from Pennsylvania went to Philadelphia to ask for relief from colonial taxes and money to help defend from Ind. -> govt. made concessions to prevent killing Regulator Movement- (p.112) 1771 in Battle of Alamance, militiamen vs. 2,000 Regulators (farmers in Carolina upcountry who opposed high taxes), 9 on each side died, 6 Regulators hanged for treason; showed how new British policies could trigger small civil wars September 24, 2010 Chapter 4: The Empire in Transition ~ Key Terms (p.113-125) Colonists were inspired to revolt b/c of “no taxation w/out representation”. They Effects of the Stamp Act- (p.113) affected all colonists unlike past Sugar Act; colonists weren’t represented in felt it was a direct attempt to raise revenue in colonies w/out consent (in past, excused Parliament and were taxes for regulating commerce); led to open protesting and many uprisings not asked consent when taxed. Patrick Henry- (p.113-114) Virginian who strongly opposed taxing of colonists; May 1765 speech to House of Burgesses that if policies not fixed, off w/ George III’s head; introduced set of resolutions including should only be taxed by own reps (all ideas rejected but printed as the “Virginia Resolves” James Otis- (p.144) MA colonist who persuaded assembly to call intercolonial Congress; Oct.1765 Stamp Act Congress met in NY, delegates from 9 colonies petition king and Parliament: said that colonists should only be taxed by own assemblies Daughters of Liberty formed during Tea Act. Sons of Liberty- (p.114) group of Bostonian men who opposed Stamp Act; terrorized stamp agents and burned stamps stamp sales stopped Marquis of Rockingham- (p.114) July 1765 succeeded Grenville as prime minister; convinced king to get rid of Stamp Act (repealed on March 18, 1766) Declaratory Act- (p.114) assert Parliament’s authority over colonies; created in fear of colonists disobeying future laws Charles Townshend- (p.115) admin of colonies b/c even though Pitt in control, he was ill and didn’t do much; tried to satisfy colonists but backfired Mutiny Act (aka Quartering Act)- (p.115) forced colonists to provide housing and supplies to British troops in Amer. that were there to protect from French or Ind.; colonists defied act b/c had arldy been doing that voluntarily and felt it was another way of taxing w/out representation Towhshend Duties- (p.115) taxed certain imported goods from Eng. (lead, paint, paper, tea); unacceptable to colonies b/c same purpose as Stamp Act In England, the even was known as the “Boston Incident”, showing how each side viewed the event. Colonists exaggerated event to create more tension. Boston Massacre- (p.116) March 5, 1770 group of dockworkers started throwing rocks and snowballs at customs house -> violence -> British soldiers fired into crowd -> 5 colonists died (one was mulatto, Crispus Attucks); became symbol for British oppression and brutality Samuel Adams- (p.116-117) effective radical of British oppression; speeches = ↑ support, 1772 created committee of correspondence in Boston to publicize opposition to Eng. -> other colonies followed Revolutionary Discourse- (p.118) colonists kept ideas of revolution alive through writing and talking; published in pamphlets and books, men gathered to discuss resentment toward English policies Tea Act (1773)- (p.118-119) Britain’s East India Company = almost bankrupt -> govt. tried to save co. by letting them export tea to colonists w/out paying tax; colonists angry b/c colonial merchants feared being replaced and bankrupt by powerful co. another ex. of taxation w/out rep. boycott tea Boston Tea Party- (p.115) Dec. 16, 1773 3 groups of 50 men each dressed as Mohawks and dumped tea from 3 ships into Boston Harbor -> similar acts followed Coercive Acts (aka Intolerable Acts) - (p.119-120) acts in 1774 that punished MA colonists for tea party: Boston port closed, reduced colony’s self-govt., royal officers = tried in other colonies or Eng., quarter troops in houses; isolated MA but ↑ resistance of other colonies Quebec Act- (p.120-121) extended Quebec boundaries to include French communities b/w Ohio and Mississippi River and legalized Roman Catholic Church; colonists speculated about plot by London to put them under control of pope and prevent westward expansion First Continental Congress- (p.121) Sept. 1774 meeting of delegates from all 13 colonies except Georgia; made 5 important decisions Militia of minutemen was 1. Rejected plan by Joseph Galloway (PA) for colonial union under British authority formed to be ready at 2. Statement that demanded repeal of all oppression laws passed since 1763 minute’s notice. 3. Military preparations in case of British attack in Boston Colonial merchants were 4. Stop all trade w/ Great Britain probably opposed to the 5. Meet again in spring -> showed Continental Congress would be continuing org. idea of not being able to trade w/ Britain b/c was probably one of their Conciliatory main trade sources. What would happen if news about the Conciliatory Propositions got to Amer. in time? Propositions- (p.122) idea by Lord North; Parliament wouldn’t directly tax colonists but would tell them when to tax selves -> news didn’t get to Amer. in time before 1st shots of war General Thomas Gage- (p.123) commander of British troops; hesitant to attack but did when heard of storage of gunpowder in Concord; hoped to surprise but didn’t -> “first shot heard ‘round the world” (no one knows from which side) -> Revolution begins