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AP Psychology Final Review AP Final - Chp.1 Review 1. What is the school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior FUNCTIONALISM 2. John B. Watson argued that psychologists should abandon the study of consciousness 3. Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is exhibiting delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations. Michael would most likely seek help from a(n) CLINICAL psychologist. 4. Which individual is most closely associated with the recent development of evolutionary psychology? David Buss 5. A psychologist who is interested in the psychological effect of aging would most likely specialize in developmental psychology 6. Describe what a theory is? a system of interrelated ideas used to explain some observation 7. Nature is to nurture as _________________________________ is to environment. 8. What does SQ3R refer to? a study system designed to promote effective reading 9. What do behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory have in common? the implication that people are not masters of their own destinies 10. For John B. Watson, the appropriate subject matter of psychology was animal behavior AP Final - Chp.2 Review 11. A group of researchers conducts a study to determine if children's performance is affected by the presence of other children. First the children are taken to a room with no other children and timed while they complete a puzzle. Later the same children are taken to a room with four other children and timed while they complete a similar puzzle. In this study, the length of time it takes to complete the puzzle would be dependent variable. 12. Estevan received a questionnaire in the mail asking about his general buying habits. He was asked to identify the specific products that he typically buys, and the amount of each product that he typically uses. If Estevan completes the questionnaire and returns it, what type of research will he have taken part in? survey method 13. Suppose a researcher discovered a +.87 correlation between the length of a person's toes and the number of shoes the person owns. In general, people who own the fewest number of shoes would have which of the following? small toes a. small toes b. large toes c. medium-sized toes d. either very large or very small toes 14. The FDA found that people who used a particular diet drug combination had more heart valve defects than people who had not taken the diet drug combination. This suggests that the use of the diet drug combination and heart valve defects are positively correlated 15. Dr. Hugo designs an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new antidepressant drug. Half the participants will receive the actual drug and half will receive a sugar pill, but neither the participants nor the researchers who administer the drug will know who is receiving the actual drug and who is receiving the placebo. In this case, Dr. Hugo has designed a double-blind research study 16. Deception is used in some research in order to help control for placebo effects. 17. What percentage of psychological studies involves animals? ___________________ 18. The major advantage of the experimental method over the correlational approach is that the experimental method permits one to make causal conclusions 19. The term statistical significance refers to the inference that the observed effects are unlikely to be due to chance 20. If you believe that increasing levels of anxiety are associated with drug abuse, you have just formulated a(n) hypothesis AP Final- chp.3 review 21. What is the correct sequence of structures through which information flows in a neuron? dendrites to cell body to axon 22. A neural impulse is initiated when a neuron's charge momentarily changes from positive to negative 23. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential _____________________ the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials. 24. The movement of voluntary skeletal muscles involved in doing calisthenics is under the control of the somatic nervous system. 25. The sympathetic nervous system is most likely to be in control of bodily processes during periods of rest and recovery for the body. 26. The cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the human brain. 27. The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the corpus callosum 28. Gonadotropins are released by the pituitary gland and affect the development of external sexual organs. 29. Most neurons are involved in transmitting information from ____________________ 30. The change in the polarity of a neuron that results from the inflow of positively charged ions and the outflow of negatively charged ions is called the _______________ AP Final chp.4 review 31. Sensory adaptation refers to a decline in sensitivity after prolonged stimulation 32. Overall, how do we perceive stimuli? changing stimuli better than constant ones 33. Our perception of the brightness of a color is affected mainly by the amplitude of light waves of light waves. 34. At the musical he attended over the weekend, Andrew noticed that whenever the red and green spotlights overlapped, they seemed to change to a yellow spotlight. This can be explained using the principles of ____________________________________________ 35. Paintings or drawings that lead to ambiguous interpretations often invert the figure and ground 36. Perceptual constancy refers to our perception of objects remaining stable despite the fact that sensory information changes 37. Generally, the four basic tastes are considered to be salty, sweet, sour, and bitter 38. Which of the following is a true statement regarding the olfactory capacity of humans? a. With specialized training, we could track a timber wolf through a mountain range. b. Although there are some species whose sense of smell is superior, human olfaction compares favorably with that of many animals. c. Since our capacity is so limited, we can only detect fairly powerful odors. d. Although we are especially sensitive to food odors, we are not particularly sensitive to other odors. AP Final Chp.5 Review 39. Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as alpha waves. 40. What happens when people are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights in a row? will make up for the lost slow-wave sleep when allowed to sleep normally again 41. Who is susceptible to hypnotism? ____________________________________________ 42. A synergistic effect is one in which _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 43. What drugs can cause a lethal overdose? ___________________________________ 44. The fact that the alterations of consciousness produced by drugs depend significantly on personal experience illustrates which of the following unifying themes? a. Psychology is empirical. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Behavior is determined by multiple causes. d. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 45. As a result of taking sleeping pills, Elian has been getting 8 hours of sleep per night but he does not feel rested. Why is this the case? Sleeping pills suppress REM sleep. 46. The content of most dreams is mundane 47. Stages 3 and 4 of sleep are associated with delta waves in EEG recordings. AP Final chp.6 review 48. Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss, which Holly found very enjoyable. Now Holly finds that every time she hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, she becomes a little flushed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the song "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" 49. If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, the dog is showing evidence of stimulus discrimination 50. You are watching a pigeon pecking a disk in a small chamber. There is a cumulative recorder connected to the disk. While you are watching, the pigeon is pecking at a slow, steady rate. Based on this information, you can predict that the line on the cumulative recorder will ___________________________________________________________ 51. Arranging information and questions in a sequence of small steps to permit active learning by individuals relies on principles derived from operant conditioning 52. In order for a reinforcer to be most effective, it should be delivered as soon as possible after the behavior has been performed 53. Acquiring a behavior that prevents the occurrence of an aversive event is _________ ____________________________________________________________________ 54. A three-year-old boy observes his father yelling at his mother every time she says something the father doesn't like. Based on principles of observational learning, in the future whenever the mother says something to the boy that the he does not like, what is the boy is most likely to do? yell at his mother 55. Tia wants to be the governor for her state. In all her television ads she plays patriotic music and has the American flag displayed in the background. If voters develop positive feelings toward Tia as a result of these ads, those positive feelings would represent a conditioned response AP Final chp.7 review 56. Which researcher is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items? ________________________________________ 57. Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"? short-term memory 58. A schema is an organized general knowledge structure 59. Loftus' work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that information given after an event can alter a person's memory of the event 60. The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as __ ____________________________________________________________________ 61. The process of deciding whether a memory is based on external sources (one's perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one' thoughts and imaginations) is called reality monitoring 62. A relearning measure requires subjects to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved 63. You meet a man at a party and carefully store his name along with an image of his face. The next day, he calls you on the phone, but you can't remember his name. According to the encoding specificity principle, this is because _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 64. Which of the following statements regarding prospective memory is not accurate? a. People seem to vary tremendously in their ability to carry out prospective memory tasks. b. Infrequent tasks tend to be easier to remember than habitual tasks. c. Older adults seem to be more vulnerable to problems with prospective memory than younger people. d. Event-based prospective tasks appear to be easier to remember than time-based tasks. 65. According to the notion of deep processing, you can learn material more effectively by relating the information to your own life and experience AP Final - chp.10 review 66. Animals that have lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus overeat and become obese 67. What is a measure of weight that controls for variations in height, and is increasingly used in research on obesity? ____________________________________________ 68. A person who seeks emotional-sexual relationships with members of the other sex is referred to as heterosexual 69. Describe the refractory period? a time following male orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation 70. The projective test that has been used a great deal to measure affiliation need is the Thematic Apperception Test 71. Maria is pursuing a highly competitive career, and she works very hard and persistently at her tasks. Maria's behavior most likely reflects a high achievement motivation 72. The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that ________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 73. Schachter's concept of emotion stresses that both bodily arousal and our interpretation of the arousal play a role in emotion 74. According to evolutionary theories of emotion, sexual behavior topics have drawn the most attention 75. Assumptions are premises for which no proof of evidence is offered. 76. What topics have drawn the most attention in studies by evolutionary theorists? sexual AP Final - chp.11 review 77. Avery is excited by the fact she has begun to feel her baby kicking and moving in her uterus. If Avery can feel her baby moving, her pregnancy must be in the fetal stage 78. During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child's relations with the world are through physical interaction 79. The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem while neglecting other important aspects is referred to as _______________________________________ 80. What is the earliest age at which human beings have shown evidence of long-term memory? ______________________________________________________________ 81. At the preconventional level, the child decides if things are good or bad (moral) on the basis of whether they __________________________________________________ 82. Adolescence can be conceptualized as the time period during which individuals are "adults" in terms of their physical development, but not in terms of their emotional development. 83. The ratio of attempted suicides to completed suicides tends to be highest in what age group? teenagers 84. One recent trend in marriage in this country is to increasingly postpone marriage into the late 20s or beyond 85. Recent research on memory in older adults shows age-related declines in the capacity of working memory 86. Avoidant attachments seem to be _____________ common in German infants, and __________ common in Japanese infants, than in American infants. 87. Studies that have measured spouses' overall satisfaction at different stages of the family life cycle have found that marital satisfaction tends to be lowest at the middle of the cycle AP Final Review Chapter 12 88. People who score high in extraversion tend to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable. 89. People who score low in agreeableness tend to be suspicious, antagonistic, and aggressive. 90. Sigmund Freud received his academic training in what field? medicine 91. To differentiate his approach from Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Carl Jung used the name analytical psychology 92. Albert Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism is best summarized as "Environments shape humans and humans shape environments." 93. Research findings indicate that feelings of greater self-efficacy are associated with what? greater success in giving up smoking, higher levels of academic performance enhanced performance in athletic competition 94. The collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior is referred to as one's self-concept, according to Rogers. 95. Awed by the grandeur of nature, the hiker experienced a profound emotional high. Maslow called such experiences peak experiences 96. According to the evolutionary approach to personality, humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the ability to bond with others, which is closely associated with which Big Five personality trait? extraversion AP Final - chp.14 review 97. The concept that abnormal behavior is the result of a disease goes with the medical model. 98. The apparent causation and developmental history of an illness is referred to as its etiology 99. Joanna was somewhat surprised when her study partner postponed a study session because he had an appointment with his psychotherapist. When she was talking to a friend about the postponed study session she commented: "I have been working on projects with this student for several months now, and he has never shown any signs of having a psychological disorder." Joanna's comment suggests that she holds the largely inaccurate stereotype that people with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways 100. Which axis would disorders of mood be found? Axis I of the DSM-IV 101. DSM-IV uses five "axes" to describe a person's problem. The actual diagnosis of a disorder is made on ___________________________________________________ 102. Jim came home from the office trembling, experiencing shortness of breath, irritable, unable to concentrate, and worrying about whether his business would still be open next week despite the fact that his business was evidencing its highest profit ever. Jim's condition would most likely be diagnosed as generalized anxiety disorder 103. Darla was fired from her most recent job. Based on Seligman's investigations into the cognitive factors that might contribute to depression, Darla will be most prone to depression if she attributes her firing to her lack of ability to do her job successfully 104. The subtype of schizophrenia marked by delusions of persecution and grandeur is paranoid 105. Tyberius wears a hat 24 hours a day and becomes extremely agitated if anyone tries to remove it. He is convinced that small robots made of Lego blocks nibbled his ears off while he was sleeping, and if he removes his hat his brains will leak out through the holes in the sides of his head. Tyberius' delusion is the type of delusion typically seen in disorganized schizophrenia. 106. Investigation into the causes of antisocial behavior has been hampered by the fact that there is little available data on the backgrounds of antisocial personalities because they so rarely seek voluntary treatment for the disorder 107. Often, cases of dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder) receive wide press coverage, leading people to believe this disorder is a relatively common psychological problem when, in fact, it is quite rare. People's estimates of the prevalence of dissociative identity disorder may be influenced to a large extent by _________________ _______________________________________________________________________ AP Final - chp.15 review 108. Which of the following statements is true? a. Men are more likely than women to enter therapy. b. People from the lower socioeconomic classes are more likely to enter therapy than those from the upper classes. c. Many people who need therapy don't receive it. d. Only people who have an identifiable mental disorder are eligible for therapy. 109. Clive is a clinical psychologist and his sister Grace is a psychiatrist. The main difference between these two professionals would be the fact that Clive would have a degree in psychology while Stephanie would have a medical degree 110. All of the following are Freudian techniques to bring unconscious material to consciousness except ________________________________________________ a. free association b. analysis of transference c. dream analysis d. directed confrontation 111. A client in psychoanalysis has been arriving late for sessions, acting hostile to the analyst, and making up dreams. This is most likely caused by resistance 112. George has been in psychotherapy for several months. When he first started therapy George had a very positive relationship with his therapist. However, over the past two weeks he has shown increasing hostility and he often yells and becomes threatening when his therapist offers her interpretations of the things that George says during therapy. According to Freud, George's behavior may be evidence of ____________ ___________________________________________________________________. 113. Cognitive therapy borrows many techniques from behavior therapy. 114. Behavior therapy is derived from research by B. F. Skinner, Hans Eysenck, and Joseph Wolpe 115. A critical component associated with social skills training is __________________ 116. Which of the following statements is true? a. Behavior therapists have historically placed little emphasis on measuring therapeutic outcomes. b. Behavior therapies can make important contributions in treating obsessivecompulsive disorder, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and hyperactivity. c. Insight therapists generally can measure progress more precisely than behavior therapists because of the nature of their therapeutic goals. d. The evidence for the effectiveness of insight therapy is stronger than the evidence for the effectiveness of behavior therapy. 117. What effects do the newest antidepressant drugs, such as Prozac, have? _________ ___________________________________________________________________ 118. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) can hold down costs by restricting mental health services. According to critics, what do those restrictions include? ___ ____________________________________________________________________ 119. What are outcomes of deinstitutionalization? _______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 120. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is now primarily used to treat patients suffering from severe mood disorders 121. A therapist's attempt to explain the significance of a client's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is referred to as ____________________________________________. AP Final - chp.16 review 122. What has research on physical attractiveness shown? we tend to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to good-looking people 123. What variables do people use to stereotype other people? ethnicity, gender, occupation 124. In making a causal attribution, we first tend to decide if an event was due to internal or external causes. 125. What type of love relationships is most likely to have a sexual component? passionate love 126. When predicting behavior, research has revealed that attitudes are _____________ ___________________________________________________________________ 127. Cognitive dissonance refers to the state one is in when _______________________ 128. In Asch's studies, what was the relationship between group size and conformity? Conformity increased steadily as group size went from two to four, and then leveled off. 129. Unjustly blaming victims of misfortune for their misfortune defines a(n) defensive attribution