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Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Lesson Plans
Chapter 8 — The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With
Accuracy
Goals of the Lesson:
Cognitive: Students will be able to:

Describe the various dosage forms available for medications and explain the routes of administration.

Correlate the dosage forms with the appropriate route of administration.

Utilize appropriate reference books to verify prescription information.

Explain how to apply dosage form and administration route to prescription evaluation.
Motor: N/A
Affective: Students will understand how to adapt dosage form and administration route for special needs patients
Learning Objectives:
The lesson plan for each objective starts on the page shown below.
8-1
Describe the various dosage forms available for medications ...........................................................................................3
8-2
Define the routes of administration for medications ..........................................................................................................8
8-3
Correlate the dosage forms with the appropriate route of administration ........................................................................ 10
8-4
Apply dosage form and administration route to prescription evaluation ......................................................................... 13
8-5
Utilize appropriate reference books to verify prescription information ........................................................................... 15
8-6
Adapt dosage form and administration route for special needs patient ......................................................................... 19
You Will Need:
Gather the following materials and teaching aids for the following lessons:
8-1
Samples of medications; inert creams, pastes, and gels; gloves
8-2
Patient profiles on index cards, pharmacy reference texts cited in class
8-5
Inserts from a variety of prescription medications
Page 1
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Adipose
Areolar
Alcoholic solution
Angina
Anhydrous bases
Aseptic technique
Binders
Bioavailability
Bolus dose
Buccal tablets
Compressed tablets
Continuous infusion
Controlled release
Diluents
Disintegrates
Effervescent tablets
Elixirs
Enteric coated tablets
Fast dissolving tablets
Excipients
Film coated
Glycerite
Granules
Hydroalcoholic solution
Hydrocarbon bases
Implant
Inhalation
Intraarterial administration
Intraarticular administration
Intracardiac administration
Intradermal injection
Intramuscular administration
Intraperitoneal administration
Intrapleural administration
Intravenous administration
Lubricants
Parenteral
Percutaneous absorption
Stability
Subcutaneous administration
Sublingual tablets
Tincture
Transdermal route of
administration
Vehicle
Viscous aqueous solutions
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
Legend: BTG: Brownstone test generator; IRCD: instructor’s resource CD-ROM; PPt: PowerPoint; QB: quiz bank;
SRCD: student resource CD-ROM
Page 2
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
Objective 8-1
Describe the various dosage forms available for medications.
Date:
Lecture Outline
Content
Text
page
 Medication administered in
variety of forms
 Accommodate special needs
of patient
 Facilitate delivery
 Control rate of absorption
PPt
slide
2
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Figures
8-1: Compressed tablet, p.
124
8-2: Film-coated tablet, p.
124
 Solid oral dosage forms
 Tablets:
 Solid dosage form—contains 124active ingredients
125
o May contain other
diluents, binders,
lubricants
 Different forms of tablets
o Compressed tablets (Fig.
8-1)
o Film-coated tablets (Fig.
8-2)
o Enteric-coated tablets
(Fig. 8-3)
o Controlled-release tablets
(Fig. 8-4)
o Effervescent tablets (Fig.
8-5)
o Buccal tablet
o Sublingual tablet
o Orally disintegrating tablet
(Fig. 8-6)
126
 Capsules
3-11
8-3 Enteric coated tablet,
p. 125
8-4: Controlled release
tablet, p. 125
8-5: Effervescent tablet, p.
125
8-6: Orally disintegrating
tablets, p. 125
 Hard or soft gelatin container
Page 3
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Obtain samples of inert
creams, pastes and gels
and other forms of
medication that are safe for
the classroom setting.
Compare and contrast.
Discuss their uses.
Materials
Samples of medications,
inert creams, pastes and
gels, gloves
Outside Assignments
Evaluation
Instructor’s Notes
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
with the drug and excipients
enclosed (Fig. 8-7)
o Some manufacturers have
patented capsule shapes
 Lilly’s Pulvules
 Parke Davis Kapseals
o Some capsules contain
pellets
 To open and sprinkle
on applesauce for
children (Fig. 8-8)
o Soft gelatin capsules may
contain—
 liquid
 paste
 powder
12-15
 Lozenges, Troches, and
127
Lollipops
 Oral medication dosage forms
 Round shape and contains
drug in hard candy (Figs. 810, 8-11)
 Dissolves slowly in mouth
o Common uses:
o Oral anesthetic
o Antiseptic
o Antibiotic
o Antitussive
o Analgesic
128
o Decongestant
16-19
 Medicated Chewing Gum
 Use as a delivery system has
increased
o Aspirin
o Nicotine gum (Fig. 8-12)
8-7: Hard shell gelatin
capsule, p. 126
8-8: Capsules with small
pellets, p. 127
8-9: Soft shell capsule, p.
125
8-10: Lozenge, p. 125
8-11: Lollipop containing
a drug, p. 125
8-12: Medicated chewing
gum, p. 128
8-13: Medicated thin
strips, p. 128
 Medicated thin strips (Fig. 8-13)
 Thin flavored strip that
dissolves in mouth
o Cough suppressants
Page 4
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
o Analgesics for children
o Breath fresheners
o Anti-gas medications
 Suppositories, Rectal, Vaginal
and Urethral
 Solid dosage forms made
with cocoa butter base
 Allows for inclusion of
medication and molding of
suppository
 Tapered end for easy
insertion
 Most common—rectal
suppository (Fig. 8-14)
o Topical remedy for
hemorrhoid
 Adult—2 grams
 Infant—1 gram
o May also contain:
 Sedatives
 Analgesics
 Tranquilizers
o Quickly absorbed through
mucosa
 Powders, Granules, and Aerosols
(Figs. 8-15, 8-16)
 Mixtures of drugs and
inactive ingredients
o Sprinkled on external area
for topical effect
o Dissolved in liquid and
ingested for systemic
effect
 Granules are powders dried to
coarse particles—more stable
shelf life
o Antibiotics for suspension
 Aerosols (Fig. 8-17)
 Solid particles finely ground
20-21
8-14: Rectal suppository,
p. 128
8-15: Topical powders, p.
129
129
23-24
8-16: Powder granules, p.
129
8-17: Typical aerosol used
Page 5
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
and suspended in gas
o May be intended for
internal use for inhalation
conditions
 Example—asthma
o Delivery medication
directly to lungs
 Quick action
 Minimal side effects
o External aerosols for
difficult to reach places
for inhalation to treat
asthma, p. 130
 Ointments, Creams, Pastes, and
Gels
 Dosage forms formulated to
apply to skin or mucous
membrane
 Utilizes various bases—
depends on purpose
o Oleaginous or
hydrocarbon—soothing
o Occlusive—protective
o Hydrophobic—repels
moisture
o Anhydrous—absorbs
water
 Creams are semisolid dosage
forms containing drug
dissolved or dispersed
 Pastes are thicker and more
absorptive than ointments
 Gels are semisolid
preparation that are water
soluble and water washable
 Transdermal patches (Fig. 8-18)
 Delivery system with
medication enclosed in
adhesive patch
 Delivers drug over set time
periods
25
130
8-18: Transdermal patch,
p. 131
Page 6
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
 Absorbed through skin
o Example—Nitroglycerin
 Liquid Dosage Forms
 Fluid is delivery system for
medication—most common
vehicles:
o Water
o Alcohol
o Mineral oil
131
 Solutions
 Evenly distributed
homogenous mixture of one
or more medications
dissolved in liquid vehicle
 Classified by type of vehicle
 Non aqueous solutions
o Alcoholic—e.g. Spirits of
peppermint
o Hydro-alcoholic solution
uses combination of alcohol
and water—e.g. elixirs
o Glycerites—medications
dissolved in glycerin
o Tinctures—vegetable
material in alcoholic base

Aqueous solutions:
o Douches
o Irrigating solutions
o Enemas

o
o
26
Viscous aqueous solutions
Jellies
Mucilages
Legend: BTG: Brownstone test generator; IRCD: instructor’s resource CD-ROM; PPt: PowerPoint; QB: quiz bank; SRCD:
student resource CD-ROM
Page 7
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
Objective 8-2
Define the routes of administration for medications.
Date:
Lecture Outline
Content
 Routes of Administration
 Oral
 Sublingual—under the tongue
 Parenteral—injection
 Intravenous—via needle in a
vein
 Intramuscular—injection into
a muscle mass
 Subcutaneous—injecting
small amount of solution or
suspension under the skin
 Intradermal—injection in top
layers of skin
 Intraarticular
administration—injection into
a joint
 Intraarterial administration—
injection into an artery
 Intracardiac—injection into
heart muscle
o Only in extreme lifethreatening emergencies
 Intraperitoneal
administration—administered
into the peritoneal or
abdominal cavity
 Intrapleural—injection into
the pleural membrane
surrounding lungs
 Implants—medical device
Text
page
PPt
slide
132
27-29
Figures, Tables, and
Features
30-33
133
134
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Divide the class into small
groups. Create profiles of
several different “patients”
and list their required
prescription medications.
Ask students to research
and determine the best
route of administration for
each medication. For
example, a young child
taking methylphenidate
may need a capsule so that
the medication can be
sprinkled on applesauce
due to the fear of
swallowing ‘big pills.”
Ask the students to explain
their choices. Discuss with
class
Materials
Patient profiles, pharmacy
reference books
135
34
Page 8
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Outside Assignments
Evaluation
Outside Assignments
Learning Activity 8.1
Complete and be prepared
to discuss with class.
Instructor’s Notes
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy




o
inserted into body
permanently or for prescribed
amount of time
o Examples—birth control
or insulin pump
Topical applications
o Applied to skin
Inhalation
Transdermal—delivery of
drug across top of the skin
o Facilitates a systemic
effect, bypasses
gastrointestinal tract
Vaginal administration
Ocular, Otic and Nasal
routes
35-36
136
137
Legend: BTG: Brownstone test generator; IRCD: instructor’s resource CD-ROM; PPt: PowerPoint; QB: quiz bank; SRCD:
student resource CD-ROM
Page 9
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
Objective 8-3
Correlate the dosage forms with the appropriate route of administration.
Date:
Lecture Outline
Content
 Dosage forms and route of
administration
 Oral
o Tablets (Figs. 8-1, 8-2, 83,8-4, 8-5, 8-6)
o Capsules (Figs. 8-7, 8-8,
8-9)
o Oral solutions
o Oral suspension
o Oral emulsions
o Orally disintegrating
tablets
o Buccal tablets (Fig. 8-9)
o Lozenges, troches and
lollipops (Fig. 8-10, 8-11)
o Medicated chewing gum
(Fig. 8-12)
o Medicated thin strips (Fig.
8-13)
o Antibiotic granules for
oral suspension (Fig. 8-16)
 Sublingual—under the tongue
o Sublingual tablets
 Parenteral—injection
 Intravenous—via needle in a
vein (Fig. 8-19)
o Solutions
 Intramuscular—injection into
a muscle mass
o Solutions or suspensions
 Subcutaneous—injecting
Text
page
PPt
slide
124129
3-19
Figures, Tables, and
Features
Figures
8-1: Compressed tablet, p.
124
8-2: Film-coated tablet, p.
124
8-3 Enteric coated tablet,
p. 125
8-4: Controlled release
tablet, p. 125
8-5: Effervescent tablet, p.
125
8-6: Orally disintegrating
tablets, p. 125
8-7: Hard shell gelatin
capsule, p. 126
8-8: Capsules with small
pellets, p. 127
132
8-9: Soft shell capsule, p.
125
8-10: Lozenge, p. 125
133135
8-11: Lollipop containing a
drug, p. 125
8-12: Medicated chewing
gum, p. 128
8-13: Medicated thin
strips, p. 128
8-19 IV Bag, p. 133
Page 10
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Pair students, and ask them
to create flash cards with
all of the dosage forms and
routes of administration
outlined in the text. Once
this is completed, ask the
students to quiz one
another.
Outside Assignments
Evaluation
Outside Assignments
Learning Activity 8.2
Complete and be prepared
to discuss with class.
Discussion of Learning
Activity 8.2 is available on
the IRCD.
Instructor’s Notes
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy









small amount of solution or
suspension under the skin
o Solutions or suspensions
Intradermal injection—
injection into top layers of
skin (Fig. 8-20)
Intraarticular
administration—injection into
a joint
Intraarterial administration—
injection into an artery
Intracardiac—injection into
heart muscle
o Only in extreme lifethreatening emergencies
Intraperitoneal
administration—administered
into the peritoneal or
abdominal cavity
Intrapleural—injection into
the pleural membrane
surrounding lungs
Implants—medical device
inserted into body
permanently or for prescribed
amount of time
o Examples—birth control
or insulin pump
o Applied to skin
o Solid particles finely
ground for external
aerosol
o Ointment, creams, pastes
and gels
Topical applications (Fig. 815)
Inhalation
o Solid particles finely
ground and suspended in
gas—intended for internal
8-16: Powder granules, p.
129
8-20: Injections, p. 134
135
8-15: Topical powders, p.
129
8-17: Typical aerosol used
for inhalation to treat
asthma, p. 130
Page 11
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy





use as inhalation (Fig. 817)
Transdermal—delivery of
drug across top of the skin
o Facilitates a systemic
effect, bypasses
gastrointestinal tract
o Transdermal patch (Fig. 818)
Rectal administration
Vaginal administration
o Creams
o Ointments
o Gels
o Solutions and foams
Ocular, otic and Nasal routes
o Throat sprays and gargles
o ophthalmic solutions and
suspensions
o Ophthalmic ointments
o Otic solutions or
suspensions
o Nasal solutions may be
drops or sprays,
suspensions or emulsion
Topical applications
o Ointments
o Creams
o Gels and pastes
o Solutions
o Lotions and sprays
136
8-18: Transdermal patch,
p. 131
40
8-14: Rectal suppository,
p. 128
137
41
Legend: BTG: Brownstone test generator; IRCD: instructor’s resource CD-ROM; PPt: PowerPoint; QB: quiz bank; SRCD:
student resource CD-ROM
Page 12
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
Objective 8-4
Apply dosage form and administration route to prescription evaluation.
Date:
Lecture Outline
Content
Text
page
PPt
slide
Figures, Tables, and
Features
124
 It is vitally important for the
technician to correlate directions
on prescription label with
manufacturer’s direction for uses
 If there is a discrepancy—
check with:
o Pharmacist and/or the
prescriber
 Professional Technician
should stay current with all
new dosage forms—to keep
up to date for patients
 Knowledge of dosage forms
and ability to search reference
books—necessary for
prescription evaluation
 Double check patient
directions printed on label are
clear, accurate, and route of
administration dispensed as
prescribed
 Technician should match
dosage form ordered with the
route of administration
prescribed in directions to
patient
 Any discrepancy should be
verified before prescription
entered in the patient profile
Page 13
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Read and discuss Case
Study 8.1 found in the text.
Outside Assignments
Evaluation
Outside Assignments
Learning Activity 8.3
Complete and be prepared
to discuss with class.
Discussion of Learning
Activity 8.3 is available on
the IRCD.
Instructor’s Notes
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
Legend: BTG: Brownstone test generator; IRCD: instructor’s resource CD-ROM; PPt: PowerPoint; QB: quiz bank; SRCD:
student resource CD-ROM
Page 14
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
Objective 8-5
Utilize appropriate reference books to verify prescription information.
Date:
Lecture Outline
Content
 Drug information resources
 Manufacturer’s package
insert provides information
about:
o Drugs
o Available strengths
o Dosage forms
o Routes of administration
 Technician should become
familiar with content and
layout of different reference
books
o Pharmacy reference books
are valuable resource to
facilitate prescription
evaluation
Text
page
PPt
slide
137138
43
Figures, Tables, and
Features
 Reference books cited in text:
 Drug Facts and
Comparisons: Most
comprehensive and current
drug information, monthly
updates, contains complete
pharmacology, drug
interactions, adverse effects,
available doses and
administration, lists
comparable brand and generic
products together.
 American Hospital
formulary Service Drug
Page 15
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Bring samples of package
inserts from several
prescription medications.
Be sure to select a wide
variety of dosage forms
and administration routes.
Divide students into
groups and ask them to
review the inserts and list
the ten most important
facts on the insert as it
relates to patient
education, and be prepared
to defend their “top ten
list.”
Materials
Inserts from a variety of
prescription medications
Outside Assignments
Evaluation
Outside Assignments
Send the students on an
information scavenger
hunt. Give the students the
name of a medication and
ask them five questions
about the medication. If
possible, require answers
to come from multiple
reference books. Tell the
students to come to class
prepared to discuss their
findings (and provide their
sources, page numbers
etc.).
Instructor’s Notes
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy





Information (AHFS):
Comprehensive listing of
available drugs, containing
pharmacology, dosage and
administration and adverse
effects, updated with three
quarterly supplements
United States PharmacopeiaNational formulary (USPNF): Official compendium of
all approved drug and the
required standards of purity
and stability for each drug to
be considered official.
United States PharmacopeiaDrug Information (USP-DI):
Volume I contains drug
information for the health
care professional, Volume II
contains advice for the patient
in layman’s terms, and
Volume III lists approved
drug products and legal
requirements.
Physician’s Desk Reference
(PDR): Book of package
insert information for drugs
chosen by manufacturers to
be included, not a
comprehensive reference,
very few generics, color
pictures of tablets, capsules or
packaging of included
products.
Drug Interaction Facts: Lists
the drug interactions and
ranks them according to
severity of the interaction and
the likelihood of its
occurrence,
Redbook: Lists all drugs and
Page 16
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy






devices and the wholesale
prices of the items, also
contains many often used
tables such as pregnancy
category, tablets not to be
crushed, addresses of drug
companies
Orange Book: Listing of
generic drugs and rates their
bioavailability comparison
with the brand name product
to determine if they are
legally substitutable.
American Drug Index: A
concise listing of available
drugs, dosage forms, drug
class and listings of Lookalike-Sound-alike drugs,
Pregnancy categories,
discontinued drugs and lab
values
Handbook on Injectable
Drugs: Complete information
about injectable drugs
including admixture
procedures, compatibilities
stability and dilution
information.
Handbook of Pediatric
Drugs: Lists drugs and doses
appropriate for use in
children.
Remington: The Science and
Practice of Pharmacy:
Comprehensive information
about all aspects of the
practice of pharmacy in
various practice settings
Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS): Information about
Page 17
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
the safe handling of
chemicals and hazardous
drugs in the workplace
including handling chemical
spills and treating exposure to
hazardous materials
 Micromedex: A
computerized referencing
system containing
comprehensive clinical
information about drugs,
toxicology information, and a
drug identification system.
Legend: BTG: Brownstone test generator; IRCD: instructor’s resource CD-ROM; PPt: PowerPoint; QB: quiz bank; SRCD:
student resource CD-ROM
Page 18
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
Objective 8-6
Adapt dosage form and administration route for special needs patient.
Date:
Lecture Outline
Content
 Orally disintegrating tablets
o Originated to prevent
psychiatric patients from
storing tablets in pouch in
cheek
o Process called “cheeking”
o Does not require water to
swallow
 Capsules—may be opened
and pellets sprinkled on
applesauce for children
o Others who are unable to
swallow capsule
o Important—pellets can not
be chewed—adversely
affects release of
medication
 Lollipop form designed to
facilitate administration to
children and elderly—those
with difficulty swallowing
 Chewing gum is easily
portable
 Suppositories—quickly
absorbed into rectal mucosa
and delivered to bloodstream
 Parental administration for
patients who are unable to
take oral meds
o Unconscious
o Health condition which
Text
page
PPt
slide
Figures, Tables, and
Features
124125
126127
128
Page 19
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Resources and
In-Class Activities
In-Class Activities
Outside Assignments
Evaluation
Evaluation
Invite a pediatric nurse and Upon completion of all
Learning Objectives for
a pharmacist to speak to
chapter 8:
the class and share their
 Have students take the
insights on the challenges
Pharmacy Technician
faced by parents when
Certification Board
administering medication
Review Questions (QB)
to young children. Ask
for chapter 8 (SRCD).
them to discuss the dosage
 Have students complete
forms and administration
the Reference
routes along with any
Assignments to practice
using reference materials.
special tips or techniques
they recommend to assist
parents.
Evaluation
Upon completion of all
Learning Objectives for
chapter 8:
 Review the case studies,
end-of-chapter questions,
and professional judgment
boxes. Answers to the
questions from the text are
available on the IRCD.
 Divide students into two
teams and play the game
show interactivity for
chapter 8 (IRCD).
 Prepare a chapter test
using the test bank
provided for chapter 8
Instructor’s Notes
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
prevents swallowing
131
 Advantages of liquid dosage
forms are:
o Faster acting
o Easier to swallow
o Easier to adjust dose
o Easier administration to
eye or ear
o Easier administration to
children or elderly patients
 Disadvantages of liquid
dosage forms
o Shorter expiration dates
o May need flavoring agents
to mask bad taste
o Inconvenient –may spill
o Require a measuring
device
o Difficult to store-may
require refrigeration
 Advantages of the oral route
132
of administration are:
o Safe and convenient
o Usually less expensive
than other forms
o Can be modified for
extended release
o Non-invasive
 Disadvantages of oral
administration are:
o Not appropriate for
unconscious patients
o Patient may be unable to
swallow
o Requires time for
absorption and distribution
o Absorption time affected
by food, drugs, stomach
acid and condition of
patient
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Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
(IRCD).
 Divide the students into
groups and have each
group complete a different
Reference Assignment
(SRCD, IRCD).
Standards of Practice for the Pharmacy Technician (First Edition)
Chapter 8— The Right Dosage Form and the Right Route of Administration: Working With Accuracy
Legend: BTG: Brownstone test generator; IRCD: instructor’s resource CD-ROM; PPt: PowerPoint; QB: quiz bank; SRCD:
student resource CD-ROM
Page 21
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins