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US History Semester 2 Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 9
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Chapter 10
1. Early 1800s - northerners view of:
a. tariffs – Favored helped N. to compete with British manufacturers.
b. government sale of public lands in west – Didn't like it – it encouraged potential laborers in the
North to migrate west
2. Early 1800s – southerners view of tariffs – Opposed – thought tariffs would anger European trading
partners causing them to increase their tariffs.
3. Nullification crisis – what was the dispute over? States' right to reject unconstitutional federal laws.
4. McCulloch v. Maryland – decided that the national bank was constitutional.
5. Bureau of Indian Affairs - federal agency created to manage the removal of Native Americans to the
West
6. Indian Territory - present-day Oklahoma
7. Andrew Jackson’s plan to remove American Indians to the West—who benefited most? American farmers,
gained land for settlement and farming
8. Trail of Tears - the forced 800-mile march of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory
Chapter 11
9. Annexation of Texas – Why President Jackson opposed it? It would upset the balance between free and
slave states.
10. Manifest Destiny – The belief that it was America’s obvious fate is to expand westward in order to
spread democracy.
11. Slavery, “manifest destiny,” westward expansion—how were they connected? Americans did not know if
slavery would be allowed in the new territories. Many wanted to expand slavery, many opposed it.
12. Bear Flag Revolt - A group of Americans seized the town of Sonoma and declared California’s
independence.
13. Gadsden Purchase – benefit to US? It secured a southern route for a transcontinental railroad on
American soil. US gained southern part of current AZ and NM. Mexican border finally set.
14. “forty-niners” people who migrated to California from other parts of America and abroad seeking gold.
15. Results of California Gold Rush - People flocked to California to “get rich quick” and then stayed to build
a stable frontier society.
16. transcontinental railroad – Why Important? Linked the East and West economically. People could more easily
move west to settle.
Chapter 12
17. Industrial Revolution - period of rapid growth during which machines became essential to industry.
18.
Inventions (What? Why important?):
a. water frame Used flowing water to power looms and spinning wheels. It shifted the location of
production from homes to textile mills
b. Telegraph - let people send news quickly from coast to coast.
c. Plow and reaper – farmers could plant and harvest huge fields and increased crop yields.
19. Eli Whitney—effect on manufacturing? He came up with the idea of interchangeable parts.
20. textile industry—mills—working conditions – dusty, dangerous, long hours, often caused chronic health
problems. Kept profits high by hiring children and paid them very little
21. trade unions - Organization of workers who tried to improve workers’ pay and working conditions
22. Transportation Revolution—inventions?—benefits? steam-powered train, steamboat – faster travel,
access to new areas, increased trade, decreased cost of trade.
23. Gibbons v. Ogden (issue) Who controls interstate trade—state or federal government
24. Location of American industries in mid-1800s—why? The North. They had more rivers to provide power
and more capital, and a larger labor force. Near cities to provide easier access to workers.
Chapter 13
25. Slavery in the South
a. Portion of whites that owned slaves – one third
26. Justification – used religion to justify-- said that God created some people to rule over others.
27. Control of slaves - most used physical punishments
28. Education of slaves - Teaching slaves was against the law in most states.
29. Slave Codes - strict state laws that controlled the actions of slaves
30. Nat Turner’s Rebellion—What? A slave rebellion —Why? Wanted to end slavery —Result? Slave codes
were toughened.
Chapter 14
31. Irish Immigration in 1840s – millions came to US when potato blight destroyed potato crop in Ireland
33. Know-Nothing Party—view of immigration? Wanted to restrict immigration to protect the jobs and
culture of native-born Americans
32. Harriet Tubman – conductor on the Underground Railroad
34. Frederick Douglas – former slave who contributed to the abolitionist cause
35. emancipation
a. Why unlikely in the South? Southern economy was too dependent on slavery
36. Women’s movement
a. What is it? Effort to gain rights for women – ie. Right to vote, control own property, etc.
37. Susan B. Anthony – Worked to gain the right for married women of their own wages and property
38. Seneca Falls Convention – Meeting in N.Y. - marks the start of the organized women’s rights
movement.
Chapter 15
39. Wilmot Proviso - prohibit slavery in all parts of the Mexican Cession.
40. Sectionalism - favoring the interests of a region over those of the country
41. Popular sovereignty
a. What is it? The people control the government through their votes
b. Affect on slavery - States or territories would vote to decide whether to permit slavery.
43. Compromise of 1850
a. What is it? CA enters as a free state, Mexican Cession divided in two territories, decision of slavery
made by popular sovereignty.
b. Consequence? The balance between free and slave states ended in the Union.
42. Henry Clay – He proposed that California enter the Union as a free state
44. Fugitive Slave Act – Law that increased penalties for helping escaped slaves. Commissioners benefited
from returning slaves to slaveholders.
45. Kansas Nebraska Act
a. What is it? It divided the Louisiana Purchase into two territories. Issue of slavery would be
decided by the people.
46. Effect on political parties? The Republican Party formed.
47. Dred Scott v. Sanford - Living in a free state doesn't make you free. Slaves are property not citizens. The
Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional.
48. John Brown’s raid
a. What is it? Abolitionist, John Brown's, failed attempt at a slave rebellion by capturing an arsenal at
Harper's Ferry
49. Affect? increased the tensions between slave and free states
50. Secession of Southern states
a. Why? They were defending slave labor, which was essential to the southern economy and
way of life.
Chapter 16
51. Civil War
a. Ulysses S Grant – Union General – Hero in the Mexican-American War
55. Robert E. Lee – Confederate General 52. Abraham Lincoln
a. Why he favored abolition – Believed slave labor in the south was helping the Confederate war
efforts, so freeing slaves would help N. win the war..
53. Emancipation Proclamation (including connection to Declaration of Independence) – called for all
Confederate slaves to be freed. Used ideas from Dec. of Ind. that all men are created equal and
entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
54. Changes during Civil War on civilians in general and women specifically Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the civil war because it was the last time that the
Southern army came into the north and the defeat crippled the south’s ability to fight on.
56. Effect of Civil War on economic condition of South – the economy was in ruins-- war had destroyed
homes and jobs were not available
56. Reconstruction
Goal? readmit the former Confederate states into the Union
60. Lincoln’s plan and main hope – reunite the nation as quickly as possible
61. Andrew Johnson’s plan – pardons for all white southerners except leaders, but then he planned to grant
the leaders amnesty through presidential pardons
62. Affect on social structure and attitudes of African Americans in the South African Americans – began to
demand the same economic and political rights as whites.
58.Freedmen’s Bureau – An organization established by Congress to aid poor southerners.
59.Thirteenth Amendment – End of slavery
63. Black Codes – laws that limited the freedom of African Americans
64. Fourteenth Amendment – Gave African Americans rights as citizens BUT EXCLUDED Native Americans
65. Fifteenth Amendment – Gave African Americans the right to vote.
66. Klu Klux Klan – Secret organization that used violence and terror to intimidate blacks.
67. Compromise of 1877—results – settled results of Election of 1876 and resulted in the removal of federal
troops from the South
68. Jim Crow Laws – laws that enforced the segregation of African Americans and whites
69. Plessy v. Fergusson – Supreme Court case that legalized segregation – claiming that there could be
“separate-but-equal” facilities
70. Sharecropping – system of farming in which the poor shared crops with wealthy land owners. The poor were
never able to save money because they were in a cycle of debt.