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LITERARY TECHNIQUES Allusion – a reference to someone or something famous Antagonist – the person or force that struggles against the protagonist Aside – when a character speaks to the audience and the other characters freeze Characterization – the means by which an author develops a character (physical appearance, dialogue, thoughts, other people’s reactions, etc.) Conflict – a struggle experienced by a character (internal - man vs. self or external – man vs. man; man vs. nature; man vs. society) Dialogue – direct lines spoken by a character; appear in quotation marks Diction – word choice; an author’s deliberate use of a noun, adjective, verb or other part of speech for an effect Exposition – The introductory material that gives the setting, creates the tone, presents the characters, and presents other facts necessary to understanding the story Figurative Language – any word or phrase that is not meant to be taken literally, but rather, is used for effect. Usually in the form of a simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, pun or allusion. A figure of speech. Foreshadow – author’s use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in the story Hyperbole – an exaggeration for effect Imagery – words that appeal to the senses Irony – a contradiction, such as a difference between appearance and reality or a difference between what is said and what is meant Juxtaposition – placing two things side by side for significance Metaphor – a comparison not using like or as Mood – the overall emotional quality of the reader in response to the selection Motif – a reoccurring word, image, phrase or idea Narration – 1st person = the main character tells the story from his/her perspective - 3rd person limited = the narrator is not part of the story; he/she narrates the thoughts of one character. - 3rd person omniscient = the narrator is not part of the story; he/she narrates the thoughts of several characters; considered all-knowing Paradox – A contradiction that reveals an inner truth Personification – giving inanimate things life-like qualities Plot - the pattern of events in a story that include the conflict, climax, and resolution. Point of View – the perspective of a character Protagonist – the main character in a selection. Usually, the main character experiences some conflict, or struggle, and goes through some important change. Not necessarily the “good guy”. Punctuation – intentional use of punctuation (. , ; ! ? :) for significance Puns – a play on words Repetition – the use, again, of any element, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, or sentence. Setting - the time and place in which the action occurs Simile – a comparison using like or as Structure – intentional and thoughtful manipulation of the structure of a phrase, sentence, paragraph, chapter, chapters, etc. Symbol – a tangible object that stands for both itself and for something beyond itself Theme – the main idea; a theme cannot be one word but an entire thought. Title – titles of literary works, chapters, scenes, etc. foreshadow, contradict or reflect the happenings in the literary work. Tone – the feeling of the text intended by the author (joyful, sad, frightened, urgent, etc.) Sound Devices: o o o o o o Onomatopoeia - use of words that sound like their meaning: a skirt "swishes," a bat "cracks," a hasty eater "gulps" his food Alliteration - repetition of initial consonant sounds occurring at the beginning of words. Alliteration is used to create melody, establish mood, call attention to important words, and point out similarities and contrasts. Example: “wide-eyed and wondering while we wait for others to waken,” "The soft surge of the sea." Consonance - repetition of consonants sounds anywhere in the words: "The sight of the apple and maple trees pleased the people." Rhyme - repetition of a stressed sound: "His aim was to blame the dame." Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase: The owl swept out of the woods and circled the house." Rhythm - recurring flow of strong and weak beats in a phrase: "Chicka, chicka, boom, boom! Will there be enough room?"