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Photosynthesis/Guard Cell Images CWEGO: CO2 + H2O and Sun’s energy C6H12O6 + O2 carbon dioxide + water + energy Glucose and Oxygen (occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell) The guard cells are specialized dermal cells that regulate the size of the openings or stomata(singular stoma or stomate) in the epidermis of the leaf. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells that either take up or release water to the surround cells. Note the location of the green chloroplasts and the large vacuole which stores water. See how the cytoplasm and nucleus are shrunk to the outer edges since the vacuole is so large. Notice where the guard cells are located. When the guard cells release water to the surrounding epidermal cells, the guard cells become flaccid which causes the two cells to close off the stoma. This prevents water loss from the leaf. Conversely, when the guard cells take up water from the surrounding cells, the guard cells swell(become turgid) which causes then to bow out, opening the stoma. This allows gas exchange and an increase in water loss from the leaf, transpiration. Water is not directly pumped into our out of the guard cells. Instead, the guard cells actively transport potassium ions and the water follows by osmosis. When the guard cells close their stomata, this conserves water, something which is important when water is in short supply, but this also means that carbon dioxide cannot be taken up by the leaf for photosynthesis and excess oxygen produced by photosynthesis removed. Source: http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/plants/guard.html