Download Name - joycelyWH

Name: Joyce Ly
Date: 3/22/12
Chapter 14: WWI
Directions:
 View and take notes on WWII based on the Interactive website provided
 On the left take notes about what you read, see and hear under each topic heading. Feel


free to add space in each section as needed.
The right side is for you to add comments, links, and questions (your thoughts about WWII
and how the website impacted prior knowledge on the subject.
A separate writing piece will be required
North America:
Pearl Harbor








Killed ~2,400 servicemen
One of the worst tragedies of WWII
First attack by Japanese striking force was at 7:49
am on December 8
Destroyed U.S battleships Arizona and Oklahoma
by 8:12 am
Eleven smaller ships hit, 200 aircrafts destroyed,
3,400+ casualties
Battleship USS Arizona attacked by Japanese at
Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
USS Arizona converted to a memorial
The three carriers the Japanese wanted to destroy
were not present at Pearl Harbor during the attack
Lend-Lease Act

50.0 billion dollars dispersed to countries, 31.4
billion to UK, 11.3 billion to USSR, 3.2 billion to
France, 1.6 billion to China, 2.6 billion to other
countries

Congress passed legislation allowing the purchase
of American war materials with cash in order to
maintain U.S neutrality

Congress passed Lend-Lease Act in March 1941
which gave the president authority to “sell lease,
lend, or otherwise dispose of any defense article”
to any nation whom he decided substantial to US
defense

An initial form of repayment usually consisted of
rent-free leases on air force and military bases

This act made it possible for US to provide its allies
with military aid

Program ended in 1945
Women in WWII

An abundance of women entered the workforce
during WWII

Female workforce increased from 27%-37%
between the 1940 and 1945

¼ married women worked outside the home by
1945

350,000 women served in the U.S. Armed Forces,
both at home and abroad

Munitions industries relied heavily on women
workers

“Rosie the Riveter” was a propaganda campaign
that represented women workers, one of the most
iconic images of WWII
 Why did the Japanese feel the need to attack the
U.S.? Didn’t they expect the U.S. to respond
drastically?
 U.S didn’t respond lightly
Was this ultimately successful?
What were the main flaws with this system?
 This helped the U.S. in the sense that they were
able to aid their allies, which most likely
strengthened their relationship
Was it a mutual consensus to end the program?
Women must have felt empowered because they
were such a huge influence in the working industry
during this time period
What pushed women to join the military? (besides
propaganda)
Were the women as useful as men in the military?
The Draft

Total white Army inductees: 7,181,784 (87.3%)

Total minority Army inductees: 1,043,659 (12.7%)

Requirements to be in the service included:
o
All men between 21-36 years old must
register with their local draft boards and if
selected they were obligated to serve for
one year
o
No more than 900,000 can be in training
at one time

First day of registration: October 16, 1940
o
More than 16 million men signed up the
first day

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, all men between
18-65 years old were required to register but only
those up to 45 years old were considered for
service

Exceptions from service included physical and
mental deficiencies, men with dependent families,
and religious reasons
Manhattan Project

Goal was to develop the world’s first atomic bomb

More than 30 labs and 130,000 people were
involved with this project

Three virtual top-secret atomic cities were Oak
Ridge, Tennessee; Richland, Washington; and Los
Alamos, New Mexico

Oak Ridge, TN: District headquarters
o
Uranium and plutonium production
o
Produced Uranium-235 used in “Little
Boy” bomb that was dropped over
Hiroshima

Los Alamos, NM:
o
Final assembly & production of atomic
devices

Richland, WA:
o
Home to “B” reactor (1st plutonium
reactor)
o
Enriched Plutonium used in “Trinity” tests,
and “Fat Man” bomb dropped over
Nagasaki
G.I Bill



Approximately 7.8/16 million veterans used the GI
Bill to fund some form of education/training
(including: college/university, vocational schools,
on-the-job training, and farm/ag. training)
Congress passed the GI Bill of Rights, it promised
to provide returning veterans with financial
assistance for education, government guarantees
on low-cost loans and overall improvements in
care
Congress passed Bill because returning American
servicemen were treated with indifference and
offered little in additional compensation/benefits
upon their return, and congress wanted to prevent
something like this from happening again
The U-boat Peril

German navy launched series of U-boat raids on
America’s Eastern Seaboard early 1942

“Second Happy Time”  lost fewer than two dozen
U-boats, sunk nearly 400 Allied ships, killed
~2,000 crew members/Merchant Marines

U-boats = Unterseeboots

Battle of Atlantic begun when U-boats sank British
passenger liner Athena

U.S. Navy was undersupplied
Why was the difference between white army
inductees and minority army inductees so vast?
The fact that men were forced to join the military
seems unfair
Why were men that were so old required to
register if they didn’t accept anyone over 45…?
What pushed these people to build the atomic
bomb? Why not stick with the regular bomb?
How long did this process take?
Who decided what people were going to become
involved with this project?
Was there a main leader of this project?
The G.I. Bill was a form of beneficial support for
the veterans, because education is very important.
The U-boats seemed to work efficiently for the
Germans

Germany’s leading U-boat strategist = Admiral
Karl Donitz
Japanese Americans

~120,000 Japanese Americans displaced from
their homes and forced into internment camps in
the American West

After attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. gov’t called
Japanese 4-C (“enemy aliens”)

Order 9066, signed by Roosevelt on Feb. 19,
1942; this allowed U.S. Dept. of War to expand
zones of exclusion and remove “any and all
persons” from such areas

Japanese Americans were forced to abandon
everything only to receive inadequate
compensation

Japanese suffered harsh conditions in the camps
which included overcrowding, water shortages, no
privacy, and no protection against extreme
weather conditions

Last internment camp closed in 1946, one year
after WWII ended

Detainees received $20,000 in payments thanks to
the Civil Liberties Act of 1988
War Propaganda

U.S. propaganda posters encouraged work efforts
on the home front to defeat the Axis Powers

Soldiers were warned not to reveal military secrets

Propaganda posters used exaggerated racial
stereotypes to mock the Axis enemies

WWII partially funded by sale of war bonds

All Americans encourages to support war effort

Propaganda used to promote its own cause and
attack that of its opponents
Rationing

Americans were encouraged to limit and conserve
their consumption during WWII

The Office of Price Adjustment issued a series of
four ration books to every American Citizen
starting in 1942

U.S. officials tried to prevent the sale of items on
the black market to control rationing and prices

Food was not the only item rationed

Almost every type of material that could be used
for war was controlled

Carpooling was encouraged so gas and rubber
could be saved for war

Americans were encouraged to grow their own
food

Victory gardens became popular, more than 30
million existed by 1945
Why did the U.S. feel the need to provide
payments to detainees? They did attack Pearl Harbor
though… Although it wasn’t fair to take it out on so
many Japanese Americans who probably had no say
in this attack.
What tactics did other countries use? Were they
different from the ones used in the United States?
Rationing deemed successful because victory
gardens were plentiful!
People seemed to be really helpful and supportive
of rationing
Europe and Africa:
D-Day





“Operation Overlord”
175,000 Allied troops stormed the beaches at
Normandy on June 6, 1944
Stretched along 50 mi of the French coastline
Andrew Higgins, a private shipbuilder from New
Orleans created a boat that could greatly impact
the Navy and the Marines
His ship was dubbed the Eureka
Battle of Britain

July 1940-May 1941 Churchill’s leadership

Prime Minister Winston Churchill helped the British
Had Andrew Higgins not created the ship, would
someone else do better than him?








emerge from the “Blitz”
Germany initiated the battle to defeat the British
air force in advance of a large-scale invasion
German Air Force = Luftwaffe
Royal Air Force = RAF
Germans repeatedly changes their tactics
British government encouraged residents to
construct their own backyard shelters
Prime Minister Churchill was the “calming voice”
throughout the Blitz; he addressed Parliament and
public through many speeches
Reinforced the public that the nation would defend
itself at any cost and “never surrender”
Hitler dropped his plan to invade England in the
spring of 1941
Jews Seek Refuge

Jews in Germany were less than 1% (523,000) in
Germany during 1933

Nazi party got rid of 300,000 Jews

Jewish refugees included 9,000+ children

Nazi Party gained power in 1933

German Jews found refuge in places like Shanghai,
Japan

Refugees were placed with foster families or
housed in schools or farms

SS St. Louis sailed from Hamburg to Havana, Cuba

More than 500 of the ship’s passengers trapped by
Nazi in Western Europe (254 would die from
Holocaust)
Yalta Conference

Leaders at the conference were Winston Churchill,
Franklin D. Roosevelt, & Joseph Stalin

The leaders were the leaders of the three Allied
powers

Controversial agreements were made which
caused a rise in communism in Eastern Europe and
also the Cold War

Churchill favored a three-state solution

Roosevelt favored a country divided into multiple
new nations

The three leaders decided that the country should
be divided into several zones that could be
occupied/reconstructed by victorious Allies

France had no say in German post-war governance
Leningrad Siege

September 9, 1941-January 27, 1944

1,100,000 civilians dead during the siege of
Leningrad

500,000 victims buried in 186 mass graves

1,400,000 civilians evacuated via the Road to Life

The change in population of Leningrad from 19391944 was drastic (from 4 million to less than one
million)

Soviet propaganda was used to encourage defense
of the city at any cost

Hitler attempted to seize Leningrad in the
beginning of fall 1941

Women served in the front-line defense and filled
positions in factories

Food shortages occurred immediately

People rationed according to their jobs

There was no heating and little electricity in the
city and there was no safe drinking water

5,000 people dead everyday starting winter of
1941

130,000 dead in January of 1943
People enjoyed Churchill because he didn’t just
care about having power, but he genuinely cared
about his people.
Churchill = good leader
How did the Jews respond?
Hitler put all the blame on the Jews, they were his
target enemy. This was one of the “steps” to
becoming a totalitarian ruler.
It is good that the two leaders were able to
compromise with each other despite the fact that
they had different solutions in mind.
Churchill made really good decisions for his
country because he was a good leader
How did the family of the victims feel knowing that
their loved one was buried in a mass grave…?
Why was rationing still occurring especially since
conditions were so bad?
The Leningrad Siege lasted such a long time
mainly because Hitler wouldn’t give up.

People had to cross the massive Lake Ladoga to
get food
Marshall Plan

Most of Europe in ruins after WWII, physically and
economically

June 5, 1947, US Secretary of State George C.
Marshall proposed creation of an economic
assistance program to rebuild war-torn Europe

U.S. aided Europe in rebuilding their nation

Marshall plan met with resistance on both sides of
parties

President Truman signed plan into law on April 3,
1948

Initial funding = $5 billion

The fund was primarily constructed to provide
credits for purchase of American goods

Major industrial nations received a larger share
and preference was given to those who fought on
Allied side

Soviet Union didn’t accept any aid

Marshall Plan in effect from 1948-1952
The Panzer Tanks

Panzerkampfwagen production started in 1926

Most successful = Panzer IV

Panzer III tank was Germany’s primary weapon in
North Africa

Panzer IV was improved with the addition of a 43or 48-inch long 7.5cm main gun
Maginot Line

Maginot Line provided solid defense along most of
France’s Eastern border during WWII, but also had
flaws

The Maginot Line took ~10 years to build and
consisted of large forts that would protect from
any type of artillery fire

Each fort housed ~1,000 soldiers

Between forts were smaller forts that housed 200500 soldiers

Better then Trench Warfare

Some French military leaders thought the
defensive mentality was outdated

Germany was able to exploit the weaknesses of
the Maginot Line and break down France’s
defenses with relative ease

Germany strategy rendered the Maginot Line
useless
Nazi Expansion

Germany occupied the Sudetenland on Oct. 1,1938
(located along the Czechoslovakian border)

Much of Warsaw destroyed during German
bombing of Poland (Sept. 1939)

Hundreds of thousands of Poland’s Jews forced
into the ghettos following German invasion

Poland’s ghettos liquidated by 1943

400,000+ people forced into Warsaw Ghetto, food
rations scarce, conditions harsh

Nazi troops captured Netherlands (including
Rotterdam) by May 14, 2940

Captured Paris in June 1940
Asia:
The Atomic Bomb

U.S dropped their first atomic bomb on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki in early August 1945

The atomic bomb killed 100,000+ people and
This plan was useful because it aided Europe, one
of the U.S allies
How many total Panzer tanks were created?
Nothing is perfect, including the Maginot Line but
Germany realized those weaknesses and used it to
their advantage.
This shows that the Germans were always ready,
as soon as they saw weakness they were ready to
pounce on their enemy and defeat them..
Hitlet was the leader at the time and he used his
hatred for the Jews as fuel, espeically forcing them
to Warsaw, which had very harsh conditions. He did
not even have to kill them himself, the conditions did
the job.







exposed radiation to hundreds of thousands
Japan surrendered on August 15
Hiroshima became center for pacifism and was
first nation to abolish the use of nuclear weapons
U.S B-29 place Enola Gay dropped 9,700 pound
uranium bomb on August 6, 1945
Bomb’s blast was equivalent to that of 13 kilotons
of TNT and destroyed ~90% of the city
Instantly killed 70,000-80,000 people
U.S dropped another bomb, “Fat Man”, when
Japan refused to surrender
Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of
Japan in a radio address on August 15th
Nanking Massacre

Japanese army forces brutally murdered hundreds
of thousands of people, which became known as
the Nanking Massacre

20,000-80,000 women were sexually assaulted

Bodies were on the streets for months after this
violent massacre

Estimated deaths range from 260,000-300,000

Despite the city’s tragic history, Nanjing is
currently one of China’s most modern cities
Iwo Jima

February 19, 1945 – 30,000 Marines began their
assault on Iwo Jima

Battle of Iwo Jima had one of the highest casualty
rates of World War II

Japan had 3 airstrips on the island and fortified it
heavily

Capturing Iwo Jima would allow the US an advance
base for bombers and fighter planes

18,000-22,000 Japanese troops stationed on Iwo
Jima by early 1945

U.S. begun attack on Feb. 19

Americans suffered enormous lost on first day

U.S. lost more than 27,000 troops
Japans Expansion

Japan expansion started early 1930s

Aggressive policies led to U.S. declaring war

U.S. gov’t issued a protest after Japan entered
French Indochina

U.S. placed an embargo on trade with Japan on
vital raw materials in the following month

“Island hopping” was designed to keep the
Japanese unsure of which island or location the
Allies would attack next, forcing them to kept their
forces deployed which helped the U.S

U.S. lost 9,800 men, highest U.S. casualty rate of
any battle of the war
Zero to Kamikaze

Japan used “Zero” fighter planes to gain
supremacy

U.S. gained knowledge and worked to take away
Japan’s advantage

Japanese changed tactics and formed a squad of
kamikaze pilots who flew planes loaded with
explosives directly into enemy vessels

“Zero” was lightweight and far more advanced
than any Allied fighters and used as both carrier
and land based fighter

Japan launched first kamikaze attack on October
1944 during Battle of Leyte Gulf
Why did it take so long for Japan to surrender,
especially after seeing how the atomic bomb
completely destroyed Japan…
Japan opposed the creation of any nuclear weapon
because of what it did to their nation
This is similar to the Armenian Genocide, because
mass amounts of people were murdered yet the
murderers refused to admit that what they did was
wrong.
What tactics/weapons were used that made the
casualty rate so high?
U.S. wasn’t prepared, seeing as they lost 27,000+
troops
The last battle between the U.S
How long did the embargo on trade with Japan
last?
Did the Japanese know of the U.S. strategy,
“Island Hopping?”
Who designed the Zero fighter planes?
Wasn’t the Japanese afraid that the U.S. would use
another atomic bomb on them?
How was the U.S. able to find out Japan’s tactic of
using the Kamikaze?
Leyte Gulf

Largest battle of WWII

For control of the Philippine Islands in the South
Pacific

U.S. was victorious

Japan assembled largest fleet to prepare for battle,
included 60+ battleships, carriers, cruisers, and
destroyers
Death at Bataan

Japan beat U.S. and Filipino army at battle of
Bataan in April 1942

Forced 70,000+ captured soldiers to march 60+
miles north in brutally hot weather to a captured
U.S. Army base

Marchers were starved and beaten

54,000 POWs survived march

7,000-10,000 soldiers died, 1,000 Americans
USS Enterprise

Most decorated U.S. naval ship

19,800 lbs

Commissioned in 1938

Nicknamed “Big E”

Served in more than a dozen major engagements

After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the Big E spent
several months supplying convoys in Samoa

Made history on November 26, 1943 when it
became the first ship to launch carrier-based night
fighters

Carried out the first night radar bombins 4 months
later
Flying Tigers

Small elite group of pilots led by the retired U.S.
Army captain Claire Chennault

Planes were fast and sturdily constructed with
sufficient gun power and body armor

Primary mission was to protect the Burma Road
connecting the vital port at Rangoon with the rest
of China
How did Japan manage to lose this battle if they
assembled the largest fleet? They had so much going
for them yet the U.S. deemed victorious.
Since the conditions were so harsh, I’m surprised
that there weren’t that many deaths. This shows the
soldiers were strong and were able to undergo harsh
conditions. (Meaning they were good soldiers)
Why was this ship used more often than the other
ones?
Who decided who could be included in this elite
group?