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Note: Some areas you may wish to explain more on your test. Study guide does NOT need to be in complete sentences. Name__________________________________ Teacher_______________________ Honors World History- Chapter 3 Mesopotamia Study Guide Test Date__________________ Vocabulary You will be responsible for knowing the following terms: Civilization Empire Division of Labor City-state Scribe Code of Hammurabi Agriculture Canal Irrigation Surplus Polytheism Silt Social Hierarchy River Valley Civilization Fertile Crescent Cuneiform Short Answer Questions: Directions: Answer the following questions with as much information as possible. 1. What was early writing used for? Early writing was created to keep business records-trade, farming demands and supplies; government officials and temples hired them to keep records. Later they wrote works on history, law, grammar and math 2. Mesopotamia did not receive much rain. Explain (in detail) how people were able to grow crops there. (4 elements are needed) When the Tigris and Euphrates flooded (due to high levels of rain in eastern Asia Minor where the two rivers began) water levels got high and flooded the land-destroying crops, killing livestock and washing away homes. When water levels were too low, crops dried. Farmers used irrigation to irrigate their land (dug out large storage basins to hold water supplies) and dug canals, human made water ways, to connect these basins to bring water to their fields. Plows were then invented to help break up the soil – this helped for increased food production. Silt, or fertile soil mixed with tiny rocks, was deposited by the floods – this helped to enrich the soil to ensure better crops. 3. Who is Sargon? Why is he remembered in history? What about Hammurabi? Sargon was the Akkadian ruler who was the first ruler to have a permanent army. He used his army to launch a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms. He defeated all city-states of Sumer and brought them all into his empire (the world’s first empire). Ruler of his empire for 55 years and united Mesopotamia under one single ruler. Hammurabi was a Babylonian emperor who came to power after Sargon and also created an empire in Mesopotamia. He is remembered for his 282 “flawless” laws – of Hammurabi’s Code. This is remembered as “eye for an eye” – though your punishment often depended upon your social class. Women and children also had different rights (example: the father/husband could sell his children/wife into slavery for a period of time to pay off debt.) 4. Describe the type of religion that they had in Ancient Sumer. Mesopotamia was polytheistic-meaning they believed in more than one god. Each city had a main deity which all the citizens were to please (in order to attain great crops or to avoid terrible disasters). They believed that pleasing the gods were each citizens’ duty to ensure a great future. 5. List the 5 characteristics of a civilization. Out of the five characteristics of a civilization, Give an example of each as it applies to Mesopotamia! Characteristic Define Evidence/Examples Stable Food Supply Division of Labor System of Government Social Hierarchy Having a constant surplus, Or more than is needed Of food *People specialize in specific jobs *way an area is ruled And laws are made The division of society based on rank or class *Silt & Irrigation allows for farming *barley, wheat & other grains *fish & livestock (sheep & goats) *farmers *slaves *religious leaders *labor workers *government workers *crafts people *scribes (write) -- this is One way to move up in society *monarchy – king (selected by the gods) *organized city-states king Priests Skilled workers & Scribes Farmers/labor workers slaves Highly Developed Culture In Mesopotamia – based upon importance of jobNot based on $ like today Culture is the characteristics and knowledge *religion – polytheism (many gods) of a particular *writing – cuneiform (wedge symbols) group of people: (language, *building – ziggurat – religious building religion, cuisine, music and arts.) 6. Name a few Mesopotamian inventions and what they were used for. Cuneiform-business records, history, history, grammar and math The Wheel-transportation (carts and wagons), pottery wheel was created using the wheel The plow-pulled by oxen, broke the hard clay of Sumer and increased farm production 7. Explain what a city-state is and an empire. Compare/contrast them with a graphic organizer. City-State were independently controlled parts of a civilization (each considered themselves independent with their own deity and identity) --- a fried egg! Empire: different areas of land under one leader’s control – many cultures – a cookie! -Both are elements that comprise a civilization -Empires would all be united to fight a common enemy, while city-states would fight their own battles