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NOTE PACKET # 7
“WATER AND CLIMATE”
NAME:
EARTH SCIENCE
PERIOD:
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.1
7.1)
EARTH’S WATER
Origin of Water
 Most of Earth’s water
diagram;
outgassing


Water on Earth
 97 %
 3%
 Most of the fresh water (2.1%)
 Only 0.9 % is accessible (
(
,
)
or
).
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.2
THE WATER CYCLE (aka
)
 A model used to
 The water cycle is driven by;


 The source for the water on land is
.
 Water reaches the land by the process of
FOUR THINGS MAY HAPPEN TO PRECIPITATON
THAT REACHES EARTH’S SURFACE…
1)
.
2)
(
&
)
3)
Infiltrates –
.
4)
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p.3
WATER CYCLE VOCABULARY
evaporation

transpiration

condensation

precipitation

infiltration (
)

(lithosphere )
groundwater

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p.4
runoff

(
.
).
THE WATER CYCLE DIAGRAM
Label the diagram below with the seven water cycle vocabulary words
listed above.
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p.5
INFILTRATION OR RUNOFF ?
Characteristics of
1–
Water does not have time to soak in when there is a
diagram;
2–
Water can not enter the ground if
diagram;
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.6
3 –
porosity -
If the porosity is large,
diagram;
1 - draw mineral grains.
2 - shade in the minerals.
3 - label the location of a
pore space.
POROSITY IS AFFECTED BY…
A -
rounded
particles have the
porosity.
diagram;
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.7
B -
closely
packed particles will have
porosity.
diagram;
C –
well
sorted particles will all be the
and they will have a
sorted particles.
porosity than poorly
diagram;
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.8
For POROSITY…….(particle)
4–
permeability -
impermeable =
The greater the permeability, the
the infiltration.
diagram;
PERMEABILITY IS AFFECTED
BY…
A)
;
 larger particle size =
permeability.
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.9
diagram;
B)
;
 a porous material may be
if pores are not connected.
diagram;
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.10
C)
;
 tight packing or cementing of particles may seal off
pores =
permeability.
diagram;
D)
;
 during the winter,
diagram;
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.11
(aka. capillary action)
5–

capillary action is greatest
small particles =
pore spaces =
capillarity.
diagram;
6–

runoff
.
 water has
diagram;
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.12
7–
roads, parking lots and buildings are
less seepage (infiltration) means
runoff (
)
diagram;
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.13
INFILTRATION
vs.
RUNOFF
FACTORS THAT
AFFECT
INFILTRATION
Infiltration occurs when..
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
Runoff occurs when…
p.14
Which set of surface soil conditions on a hillside would result in the most infiltration of rainfall?
(1) gentle slope, saturated soil, no vegetation
(2) gentle slope, unsaturated soil, vegetation
(3) steep slope, saturated soil, vegetation
(4) steep slope, unsaturated soil, no vegetation
EXAMPLE;
Which container has the ….
Greatest rate of infiltration.
Greatest permeability..
Greatest capillarity…
Smallest porosity..
RUNOFF & STREAM DISCHARGE
Runoff can occur when…



NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.15
Most runoff
.
The greater the amount of runoff,
stream discharge

Flooding occurs when a stream
In general, the probability of flooding decreases when there is an
increase in the amount of
(1) precipitation
(3) runoff
(2) infiltration
(4) snow melt
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p.16
7.2)
CLIMATE
climate

There are two major aspects of climate
1.
2.
TEMPERATURE
Two characteristics of the temperature;
1)
2)
-
MOISTURE

Arid climate =
Humid climate =
Whether the climate is arid or humid is not determined by
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SEVEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE
1–
(
)
Latitude will affect…
and


Latitude and Temperature
At low latitudes….
angle of insolation and

duration of insolation.
 average temperature, for the year, is
 there is
.
variation temperature (
range).
At high latitudes…

angle of insolation and duration
 average temperature, for the year, is

(
hours)
.
temperature range, from winter to summer.
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.18
Latitude and Moisture
 moisture depends on the
 rising air (
pressure) =
precipitation and
climates.
 sinking air (
and
pressure) =
precipitation
climates.
Identify the areas of humid and dry climates by drawing arrows.
Areas of
rising air and
humid
climate.
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
Areas of
sinking air
and dry
climate.
p.19
Example;
Mark the following locations on the map.
In this example, we are only considering the effects of latitude.
Th – line of latitude that will have the highest average yearly temp.
Tl – line of latitude that will have the lowest average yearly temp.
Rs – line of latitude that will have the smallest yearly temperature
range.
Rl – line of latitude that will have the largest yearly temperature range.
Wet – zone where rising air will produce a wet climate.
Dry – zone where sinking air will produce a dry climate.
The average temperature at Earth’s equator is higher than the average temperature at
Earth’s South Pole because the South Pole
(1) receives less intense insolation
(2) receives more infrared radiation
(3) has less land area
(4) has more cloud cover
Which climatic conditions exist where the trade winds converge?
(1) cool and wet
(3) warm and wet
(2) cool and dry
(4) warm and dry
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
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2 A large body of water, will
 Water heats
and cools
.
Marine vs. Continental climates
Marine climates –
•
summers.
•
winters.
•
annual temperature range.
Continental climates –
•
winters.
•
summers.
•
annual temperature range.
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
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Example;
Shade the areas on the map where there would be a marine climate.
(In this example we will ignore the planetary winds.)
Large oceans moderate the climatic temperatures of surrounding coastal land areas
because the temperature of ocean water changes
(1) rapidly, due to water’s low specific heat
(2) rapidly, due to water’s high specific heat
(3) slowly, due to water’s low specific heat
(4) slowly, due to water’s high specific heat
Which factor most likely causes two cities at the same elevation and latitude to have
different yearly average temperature ranges?
(1) rotation of Earth
(2) duration of insolation
(3) distance from a large body of water
(4) direction of prevailing winds
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.22
3 if the winds blow from water to land,
Example;
Shade the areas on the map where the prevailing winds enhance a marine
climate.
The arrows in the cross section below show the prevailing winds moving across northern
New York State into Vermont during the summer.
Compared to the climate of location A, the climate
of location B is
(1) warmer and wetter
(2) warmer and drier
(3) cooler and wetter
(4) cooler and drier
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4-
 currents flowing away from the equator carry
to
latitudes and cause the climate to be
and
.
 currents flowing away from the poles, carry
waters to
latitudes and cause the climate to be
and
.
Which ocean current transports warm water away from Earth’s equatorial region?
(1) Brazil Current (3) Falkland Current
(2) Guinea Current (4) California Current
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
p.24
London, England, is located at approximately 51° 30' north latitude and 0° longitude.
Elmira, New York, is located at approximately 42° 10' north latitude and 76° 54' west
longitude. What is one reason why London has a warmer average winter temperature than
Elmira?
(1) London is located closer to the equator.
(2) London is located at a higher elevation.
(3) London’s climate is modified by the North Atlantic Ocean Current.
(4) London’s climate is modified by its longer duration of insolation.
5 the higher the altitude, at any given latitude,
 areas of higher altitude tend to have
Example;
Shade the areas on the map where higher elevations will make the
climate colder and wetter.
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
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The arrows on the cross section below show the prevailing wind that flows over a
mountain. Points A and B represent locations on opposite sides of the mountain.
Which statement correctly describes the
differences in the climates of locations A and B?
(1) Location A is warmer and drier than location B.
(2) Location A is cooler and wetter than location B.
(3) Location B is warmer and wetter than location A.
(4) Location B is cooler and drier than location A.
6–
 windward side is
 leeward side is
and
and
.
.
diagram;
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Example;
Shade the side of the mountains that will receive more precipitation.
Write the word “dry” to indicate where a “rain shadow” (desert) will
occur.
The cross section below shows the flow of winds over a mountain ridge.
The heaviest rainfall would most likely occur
on which side of this mountain and in which
type of air mass?
(1) on the leeward side, in a mP air mass
(2) on the leeward side, in a cT air mass
(3) on the windward side, in a mT air mass
(4) on the windward side, in a cP air mass
7 vegetation will keep an area
NOTE PACKET #7; “WATER AND CLIMATE
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