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Environmental Science Name __________________________________ Period __________ Date ________________ Chapter 4, Section 3, The Diversity of Living Things – Notes Objectives • Name the six kingdoms of organisms and identify two characteristics of each. • Explain the importance of bacteria and fungi in the environment. • Describe the importance of protists in the ocean environment. • Describe how angiosperms and animals depend on each other. • Explain why insects are such successful animals. The Diversity of Living Things • Most scientists classify organisms into _____________________________________ based on different _______________________________________. • Members of the six kingdoms get their _________________ in different ways and are made up of different types of cells, the smallest unit of ________________________. • The cells of animals, plants, fungi, and protists all contain a ____________________. While cells of bacteria, fungi, and plants all have ____________________________. Bacteria • Bacteria are extremely _________________, single-celled organisms that usually have a cell wall and reproduce by ________________________________________. • Unlike all other organisms, bacteria lack __________________________. • There are two main kinds of bacteria, _________________________________________. Most bacteria is ______________________________________. • Bacteria live in every habitat on Earth, from _________________________________ to the bodies of animals. Bacteria and the Environment • Some kinds of bacteria break down the _______________________________________ of other organisms and return the _____________________________ to the soil. • Others recycle nutrients, such as nitrogen and ______________________________. • Certain bacteria can _______________________________________ from the air into a form that plants can use. This conversion is important because nitrogen is the main component of __________________________________________________ • Bacteria also allow many organisms, including humans, to extract __________________ from their food. • The bacterium, Escherichia coli or E. coli, is found in the ________________________ of humans and other animals and helps digest food and ___________________________ that humans need. Fungi • A fungus is an organism whose cells have nuclei, __________________________, and no _______________________________ and that belongs to the kingdom Fungi. • Cell walls act like _____________________________ that allow fungi to stand up right. • A mushroom is the _______________________________________ of a fungus. The rest of the fungus is an underground network of ____________________ that absorb food from ___________________________________________ in the soil. • • • • • • Fungi get their food by _____________________________________________ that help break down organic matter, and then ____________________________ the nutrients. The bodies of most fungi are _______________________________ of threads that grow through the soil dead wood, or other material on which the fungi is feeding. Like bacteria, fungi play an important role in _________________________________ the bodies of dead organisms. Some fungi, like some bacteria, ____________________________________. Athlete’s foot is an example of a ____________________________ caused by fungi. Other fungi add flavor to food as in ___________________________. The fungus gives the cheese both its blue color and strong flavor. Yeasts are fungi that produce the gas that makes _______________________________. Protists • Protists are ________________________________ that belong to the kingdom Protista. • Some, like amoebas, are _______________________. Others are plantlike, such as kelp, and some _________________________________________. • Most protists are one-celled microscopic organisms, including _____________________, which float on the ________________________________________, • Another protist, Plasmodium, is the ___________________________________ that causes the disease malaria. • • • From an environmental standpoint, the most important protists are _______________. Algae are ______________________ protists that can make their own food using the ________________________________________________. They range in size from the ______________________________ to the one-celled ____________________________________, which are the initial source of food in most ocean and freshwater ecosystems. Plants • Plants are many-celled organisms that make their __________________________ using the __________________________________and have cell walls. • Most plants live on _________________ where they use their leaves to get sunlight, oxygen, and _________________________ from the air. While absorbing nutrients and water from the soil _________________________________________. • Leaves and roots are connected by vascular tissue, which has _____________________ and serves is system of ___________________ that carries water and food. Lower Plants • The first land plants had _____________________________, and swimming sperm. They therefore had to live in _____________________ and couldn’t grow very large. • Their descendents alive today are small plants such as ____________________. • Ferns and club mosses were the ______________________________________, with some of the ferns being as large as small trees. Gymnosperms • Gymnosperms are woody vascular _____________________________ whose seeds are not enclosed by an __________________________________________. • Conifers, such as pine trees, are gymnosperms that _____________________________. • Much or our ______________________________________ comes form gymnosperms. • Gymnosperms have several _________________________ that allow them to live in drier conditions than _______________________________________. • They can produce ___________________, which protects and moves sperm between plants. • These plants also produce seeds, which _______________________________ from drying out. • A conifer’s ___________________________ leaves also lose little water. • Angiosperms • Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds __________________________. Most ______________________________________ are angiosperms. • The flower is the _________________________________ of the plant. Some angiosperms, like ______________________, have small flowers, that use wind to __________________________________. • Other angiosperms have large flowers to attract _________________ and birds. Many flowering plants depend on animals to disperse their seeds and carry ________________. • Most land ______________________ are dependent on flowering _________________. • • Most of the food _____________________, such as wheat, rice, beans, oranges, and lettuce comes from ___________________________________. Building materials and fibers, such as _____________________________, also come from flowering plants. Animals • Animals cannot make their own food. They ____________________________ it in from the environment. • Animal cells also have __________________________, making their bodies soft and flexible. Although, some animals have evolved _______________________________. • As a result, animals are much _________________________ than plants. All animals move around in their environment during at least ______________________________. Invertebrates • Invertebrates are animals that do not have _______________________________. • Many live attached to hard surfaces in the _______________________ and filter their food out of the water, such as _________________________________, and mollusks. • These organisms are only ____________________ when they are larvae. At this early stage in their life they are part of the _______________________________________. • • • • • • • • • Other invertebrates, including squid in the ocean and insects on land, _______________ in search of ____________________________________. More insects ___________________________________ than any other type of animal. Insects are successful for many reasons: they have a ____________________________, can move and _______________________________, most insects can fly, and their small size allows them to live on little food and to hide from enemies in small places. Many insects and plants have ________________________________ and depend on each other to survive. Insects carry ____________________ from male fruit parts to fertilize a plant’s egg, which develops into ________________________ such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and apples. Insects are also valuable because they ________________________________ that we consider to be pests. However, insects and humans are often __________________________. Bloodsucking insects transmit ___________________________ such as malaria, sleeping sickness, and _____________________________________________. Insects do most damage indirectly by ______________________________________. Vertebrates • Vertebrates are animals that ____________________________________, and includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. • The first vertebrates were _______________________, but today most vertebrates live ____________________________. • The first land vertebrates were ______________________. These animals were successful because they have an almost _____________________________ which allows the egg to hatch on land, away from _______________________________. • Birds are _______________________________ vertebrates with feathers. They keep their hard shelled eggs and young warm until they have developed _________________ of fat and feathers. Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that have fur and ________________________. Birds and mammals have the ability to _______________________ a high body temperature which allows them to live in _____________________, where other animals cannot live. • • Questions ______ 1. Most scientists classify organisms into a. five kingdoms. c. three kingdoms. b. six kingdoms. d. two groups. ______ 2. Most land animals depend on angiosperms for a. reproduction. c. food. b. water. d. warmth. ______ 3. What converts nitrogen in the air into a form plants can use? a. bacteria c. protists b. fungi d. animals ______ 4. Which of the following protists is a type of algae that uses energy from the sun to make food? a. seaweed c. giant kelp b. phytoplankton d. all of the above ______5. Which of the following animals is successful because it moves quickly, reproduces rapidly, and has a waterproof external skeleton? a. ant c. bird b. mouse d. squirrel