Download Chapter 8,11,12 Guided Reading

Chapter 8,11,12 Guided Reading
Guided Reading Chapter 8: Community Ecology
p.143-146
1. Biological communities differ in their ____________________ , they types and
number of __________ they contain, and the ____________________ their species
play.
2. Physical appearance: relative __________ , ____________________ , and
____________________ patches of its population and species.
3. Species diversity: a combination of a community's number of different species
(species __________) and the abundance of individuals with each of its species
(species __________)
4. Niche structure: _____________ of ecological niches, how they resemble or
differ from each other, and how species ____________ interact with one another.
5. The number of species on a land is determined by how fast new species
____________ and old species become ____________ , the island's size and how far
it is from the mainland.
6. Species equilibrium model (theory of island biogeography): a ____________
between two factors determines the number of different species found on an island.
7. Island's size: a small island generally has a _____________ immigration rate
because it is a smaller target for potential colonizers and has a ____________
extinction rate because it usually has fewer resources and less diverse habitats.
8. Communities can contain ____________ , ____________ , ____________ ,
____________ , and ____________________ that play different ecological roles.
p. 147-149
9. Species can alert us to ________________
_________________ that are taking
place in biological communities.
10. Define indicator species:
11. Name 2 good indicator species:


Some scientists are trying to _______________________
___________________ species of weedy plants to change their color rapidly when
exposed to a ______________________ ______________________ or
_____________________ agent.
13. Amphibians (frogs, toads, and salamanders) live part of their lives in
___________________ and part on _____________________ and are classified as
_________________________.
14. What are 3 factors that can cause a decline in amphibians?
12.



________________________ species help determine the types and
___________________ of various other species in a community.
16. Define Keystone Species:
15.
17.
What are the 2 critical ecological roles keystone species play?


The loss of a keystone species can lead to _______________________
____________________ and __________________________ of other species in a
community that depend on it for crtain services
pg. 150-152
19. The most common interaction between species is what Ecologist call
_____________________ _________________________.
20. Humans are in competition with many other species for _____________,
_________________, and other resources.
21. species evolve __________________ that allow them to reduce or avoid
competition for resources with other species.
22. When species compete for similar scarce resources evolve more specialized that
allow them to use shared resources is called _____________________________.
23. In ___________________, members of one species (the predator) feed directly on
all or part of a living organism of another species (the prey).
24. Most predation occurs _______________ in the microscopic world.
p 152-161
25. Some ______________ are fast enough to catch their _________, some hide and
lie in wait, and some inject chemicals to _________________ their prey.
26. _________________ can simply walk, swim, fly up to the plants they feed on.
27. _________________ feeding on mobile prey have two main options:
_____________ and ______________.
28. Some prey escape their predators or have protective _____________ or
_______________, some __________________ themselves and some use chemicals
to repel or poison predators.
29. ______________ ________________ is another common strategy. Some prey
species discourage predators with chemicals that are ____________,
_______________, _________ _______________, ___________
________________.
30. Scientist going into nature to find promising natural chemicals are called
_____________________.
31. Many bad-tasting, bad-smelling, toxic or stinging prey species have
evolved _______________ _______________, brightly colored advertising that
enables experienced predators to recognize and avoid them.
32. Other butterfly species, such as nonpoisonous viceroy, gain protection by looking
and acting like the monarch, a protective device known as ___________________.
33. Although ________________ can harm their host ____________ they can
promote community __________________.
34. _______________ occurs when one species feed on part of another organism,
usually by living on or in the host.
18.
______________, _____________ that help plant roots take up nutrients, and
___________ in your gut that help you digest your food are both examples of
species _____________ that benefit both species.
36. In _______________, two species interact in a way that benefits both.
37. The _____________ ______________ between flowering plants and animals
such as insects, __________, and bats is one of the most common forms of
mutualism.
38. Some species benefit from ______________ __________________.
39. _______________, hardy species that can grow on trees or barren rocks.
40. In _____________ _________________ ______________, vast armies of
organisms such as bacteria live in an animal's digestive tract.
41. Some species interact in a way that helps on species but has little if any
____________ on the other. This is called _____________.
42. Over time new ______________ ____________ can cause changes in a
community structure that leads to one group of species being ____________ by
other groups.
43. The gradual change in species composition of a given area is called
_____________ ______________.
44. _______________ __________________ involves the gradual establishment of
biotic communities on nearly lifeless ground.
45. _______________ ________________ is where biotic communities are
established in an area where some type of biotic community is already present.
46. Over long periods, a series of ________________ with different species can
develop in lifeless areas where there is no soil or bottom sediment.
47. Soil formation begins when hardy _______________ _______________ attach
themselves to inhospitable patches of bare rock.
48. ____________ ______________ ______________ ____________ grow close to
the ground, can establish large populations quickly under harsh conditions, and have
short lives.
49. A series of communities with different species can develop in places containing
some soil or ____________ _________________.
35.
Descriptions of ecological succession usually focus on changes in
___________________.
51. Some species create conditions that favor the species that ___________ them;
some create conditions that __________ their replacement and some get along with
the next group of species.
52. _______________ is when one set of species makes an area suitable for species
with different niche requirements.
53. _______________ is when early species hinder the establishment and growth of
other species.
54. _______________ in which late successional plants are largely unaffected by
plants earlier stages of succession.
55. A _______________ is a change in environmental conditions that disrupt a
community or ecosystem.
50.
According to the _____________ ______________ _______________,
communities that experience fairly frequent but moderate disturbances have the
greatest species diversity.
57. Scientists cannot project the course of a given succession or view it as
________________ progress toward a stable climax community that is in balance
with its environment.
58. According to this classic view, succession proceeds along an expected path until a
certain stable type of _____________ ______________ occupies an area.
59. This equilibrium model of succession is what ecologists meant years ago when
they talked about ______________ ______________.
60. Such research indicates that we cannot project the course of a given succession or
view it as ______________ progress toward an ideally adapted climax
community.
61. Living systems maintain some degree of stability or _________________ through
constant change in response to changing environmental conditions.
62. _________ or ________________ is the ability of a living system to resist being
disturbed or altered.
63. ______________ is the ability of a living system such as a population to keep its
numbers within the limits imposed by available resources.
64. _____________ is the ability of a living system to repair damage after an external
disturbance that is not too drastic.
65. Having many different species can provide some ecological stability or
______________ for communities, but we do not know whether this applies to all
communities nor the minimum number of species needed for such stability.
66. ____________ refers to the number of species in a community (species richness)
at each trophic level and the number of trophic levels in a community.
67. Sometimes we should take _____________ measures to prevent serious harm
even if some of the cause and effect relationships have not been established.
68. ______________ ______________ : When there is evidence that a human
activity can harm our health or bring about changes in environmental conditions that
can affect our economies or quality of life, we should take measures to prevent harm
even if some of the cause and effect relationships have not been fully established
scientifically
p.196 and 197
What is Intrinsic or Existence Value?
What is Instrumental Value?
What’s the difference between use and non-use values?
Draw the figures or systems of protecting Biodiversity.
____________ is a multidisciplinary science that originated in the 1970’s used to slow
the rate at which we ________ and __________ earth’s biodiversity.
Bioinformatics is the applied science of __________, ___________, and __________
biological information.
The federal government manages ____% of the country’s land. ____% is in Alaska, and
____% is in the western United States.
56.
National ________ Systems are examples of Government owned land. These are used for
logging, mining, livestock grazing, farming, oil and gas, recreation, hunting, fishing, and
conservation.
National _______ _______ are also examples of government owned land. They are used
primarily for mining, gas and oil, and livestock grazing.
Pg 198-199:
A ____________ system consists of _________ National Wildlife
Refuges that are managed by the US Fish and ___________ Service. Most refuged
protect ___________ and _____________ areas for waterfowl and big game to supply a
_______________ supply for hunters; a few protect _____________ species from
extinction.
What activities are permitted in most refuges?
Uses of other public lands are more restricted. One example is the
_____________ _____________ ______________ _________________ managed by the
National Park Service. It includes about _____ major parks and ______ recreational
areas, _____________, memorials, battlefields, historic sites, parkways, ____________,
rivers, seashores, and lakeshores. Only camping, ____________, sport fishing, and
boating can take place in the national parks, but sport hunting, mining, and oil and
______ ______________ is allowed in National Recreational Areas.
The most restricted public lands are ______ roadless areas that make up the
____________ _________________ __________________ _______________. These
areas lie within the other types of public lands and are managed by _______________ in
charge of those lands. Most of these areas are open only for recreational activities, such
as hiking, sport fishing, ____________, and non-motorized boating.
What resources do federal public lands contain?
Most conservation biologists and ___________________ economists and many
free-market economists believe the following ____________ principles should govern
the use of public land:
·
Protecting _____________, wildlife habitats, and the ecological functioning of
public land ecosystems should be our primary goal.
·
No one should receive government subsidies or tax breaks for using or extracting
____________ on public lands – a user-pays approach.
·
The American people deserve fair compensation for extraction of any resources
from their property.
·
All users or extractors of resources on public lands should be _____________ for
any environmental damage they cause.
____________ ________________ land-use ethic is the basis for most of these guiding
principles.
Economists, developers, and resource extractors tend to view public land in terms
of their ___________ in providing lumber, minerals, and other resources and their ability
to
Increase short-term economic growth.
They have __________________ in blocking implementation of the four
principles listed above. Some developers and resource extractors go further and have
mounted a campaign to get the US Congress to pass laws that would:
·
Sell ____________ lands or their resources to corporations or individuals at less
than fair market value.
·
Cut all old-growth ___________ in the national forests and replace them with tree
plantations.
·
Open all national parks, ____________ wildlife refuges, and wilderness areas to
oil drilling, mining, off-road vehicles, and commercial development.
·
Continue mining on public lands under the provisions of the __________
____________ Law, which allows mining interests to pay no more royalties to taxpayers
for hard-rock minerals they remove.
·
Repeal the ______________ Species Act or modify it to allow economic factors to
override protection of endangered species.
·
Redefine government-protected ____________ so that about half of the would no
longer be protected.
Forests with at least ___________ tree cover occupy about ________ of the world’s
surface (excluding Antarctica and Greenland).
Forest managers and ecologists classify forests into three major groups based on
age and structure. One type is as ________________ forest: an uncut forest or
regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural
disasters for at least several hundred years. Old-growth forests are storehouses of
_________________ because they provide ecological niches for a multitude of wildlife
species.
Pg. 200-202
_____________________: a stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological
succession.
A tree plantation is also called a ____________ is a 3rd type. Currently about _____ of
the worlds forests are _________, ____% are ____________and ____ are tree
plantations. Name the 5 countries that have more than ¾’s of the worlds old-growth
forests:
Logging threatens about ____% of these forests. There are 2 forest management systems.
One is even-aged management, which involves maintaining trees in a given stand at
about the same age and size. The other type is ___________________, which involves
maintaining a variety of tree species in a stand at many ages and sizes to foster natural
regeneration. The fate of the worlds remaining forests will be decided mostly by
__________, which own about ____% of the remaining forests in developing countries.
Governments in both developing and developed countries are under conflicting pressures
from those wanting to _______________ and _______________.
NOTE: according to a 2001 study by the World Wildlife Fund, intensive but sustainable
management of as little as _______________________, could meet the worlds current
and future demand for commercial wood and fiber. This would leave the worlds
remaining _______________ untouched. How are trees harvested? Be selective or
chop them all down: trees can be harvested one by one from diverse forests, or an entire
forest stand can be cut down in one or several phases. The first step in forest
management is to ____________ for access and timber removal. Logging roads have
many harmful effects: (name them)
NOTE: once loggers can reach a forest, they use various methods to harvest the trees.
With ____________, intermediate-aged or mature trees in an uneven-aged forest are cut
singly or in small groups. This reduces crowding. It can also help protect the site from
___________, and ________, _________ and ______________. Sometimes loggers use
a form of selective cutting called ______________ to cut trees down in tropical forests.
NOTE: high grading involves cutting and removing only the largest and best specimens
of the most deseribale species. Other trees are damaged or pulled down because of a
_____________ usually connects the trees in tropical forest canopies. This makes the
forest floor become _________. Some tree species grow best in ____ or _________
sunlight. 3 major methods are used to harvest such species. One is __________, which
removes all mature trees in an area in two/three cuttings over a period of time. Another is
__________________, where loggers harvest nearly all of a stands trees in one cutting
but leaves a few uniformaly distributed. The 3rd is _______________, which removes all
trees from an area in a single cutting. A clear-cutting variation that can provide a
sustainable timber yield without widespread destruction is _____________. This involves
_________ a strip of trees along the contour of the land, with the corridor narrow enough
to allow natural regeneration within a few years. After ________________ loggers can
cut another strip above the 1st and so on.
Pgs 203-212:
· Cutting down large forest areas ____________ biodiversity and the ecological services
forests provide and can contribute to the regional and global ___________ change.
· ______________ is the temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of
__________ for agriculture or other uses.
· Deforestation can reduce the ____________ services provided by the forest, can cause
the regions climate to become _________ and drier and prevent the return of the forest.
· Human activity has reduced the earth’s forest cover by ____-____% and deforestation is
continuing at a fairly rapid rate, except in most temperate forests in North America and
Europe.
· The total area of many temperate forests in North America and Europe has ________
increased because of reforestation from secondary ecological succession on cleared forest
areas and abandoned cropland.
· The huge ___________ value of the ecological services provided by the world’s forests
and other ecosystems is rarely counted in making decisions about how to use these
ecosystems.
·In 1997, it was found that Vermont had an economic income of __________ per year on
ecological services. This is about a __________ value of all the goods and services
produced throughout the world, creating an annual natural income of __________ per
year.
· ____________ is the world’s biggest financial asset.
· List the first two solutions for sustainable forestry from figure 11-13
· The Forest Stewardship Council was formed to develop…
· What does WWF stand for?
· The Forest Stewardship Council was formed to develop…
· What does WWF stand for?
· How have U.S. forests changed since 1920? ( hint: look at blue writing)
· Forests cover what percent of the U.S. land area?
· Which country was the first to set aside large areas of forest in protected areas?
· We can reduce tree damage from insects and diseases by _________ imported trees.
· _______________________ can burn away flammable underbrush and small trees,
burn large trees, and leap from treetop to treetop, or burn flammable materials found
under the ground.
· Surface fires usually only burn ____________________ and
________________________ on the forest floor.
· Crown fires________________________________________________________________________
___.
· Forest fires can be reduced by prevention and prescribed burning
(_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________).
· Ecologists warn that trying to prevent all forest fires _______________ the likelihood
of destructive crown fires by allowing buildup of
____________________________________________________________________.
· Severe fires could threaten about ______% of all federal forest lands.
__________________-Highly flammable logging debris.
· _________________________________-timber companies are allowed to cut down
economically valuable medium and large trees in most national forests for ten years in
return for clearing away smaller, more fire-prone trees and underbrush.
· There is controversy over whether __________________________________ should be
managed primarily for
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________.
· Biodiversity experts and environments believe that national forests should be managed
primarily to
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.
· Congress passed a law that allows the Forest Service to keep most of the money it
makes on timber sales,
making _________________________________________________________________
______.
· The Forest Service must sell timber
for _____________________________________________________________________
_____.
·____________________, _____________________, and ________________ in
national forests add _________x’s more ____________ to the national economy and
provide _______x’s more ____________ than the extraction of timber and other
resources.
·Almost _______ of the wood consumed in the united States is wasted.
· Reducing the waste of wood and paper by ____________ could eliminate the need to
get timber national forests.
·List 3 advantages to logging U.S. national forests :
· List 3 disadvantages:
· More than __________ of the world’s species of _________ plants and animals live in
tropical rain forests.
· What 3 factors contribute to the disagreement about how rapidly tropical forests are
being deforested?
· What are the 5 causes of tropical deforestation and degradation?
· Domestic use accounts for more than _______ of the trees cut in developing countries.
· Name at least 3 things that tropical rainforests are cleared for.
Ch. 11, p. 213 - 222
1. The neem tree is a broadleaf evergreen that can be used for various purposes; these
purposes include…
2. The neem tree can kill over _______ insect species.
3. The oil from this tree can be used as a ________________ to control birth rates.
4. Today, more than _______ national parks larger than _______ square kilometers are
located in more than _______ countries.
5. According to a 1999 study by the World Bank and the World Wildlife Fund, only
_______ % of the parks in developing countries receive protection.
6. The U.S. national park system, established in 1912, has _______ national parks.
7. What are some issues associated with popularity in the summer for national parks?
8. In some parks noisy dirt bikes, ________________, snowmobiles and other
________________ degrade the aesthetic experience for many visitors, destroy or
damage fragile ________________ and disturb ________________.
9. What is a non-native species? Give an example.
10. Human activities that threaten parks include…
11. Currently about _______ % of the earth’s land area has been protected strictly or
partially in nature reserves, parks, wildlife refuges, wilderness, and other areas.
12. Actually, no more than _______ % of these areas is actually protected.
13. Give some examples of countries that have made an effort toward
conservation/preservation of their environment.
14. What used to completely cover Costa Rica?
15. Costa Rica is a superpower of biodiversity, with an estimated _____________ plant
and animal species.
16. The country’s parks and reserves are consolidated into eight ___________________
designed to sustain about ____________________ of Costa Rica’s biodiversity.
17. Each reserve contains a protected inner core surrounded by buffer zones that local
and indigenous people use for ______________________,
___________________________, __________________,
___________________________, ______________________, and
_______________________.
18. What is Costa Rica’s largest source of income?
19. How does reducing deforestation help stabilize the climate?
20. What is the Nature Conservancy?
21. Large reserves sustain more species and provide greater habitat
_________________ than do small reserves.
22. They also minimize the area of outside edges exposed to
________________________, ____________________, and
________________________ from nearby developed areas.
23. However, research indicates that in some locales, several well placed, medium sized,
and isolated reserves may better protect a wider variety of _____________________ and
preserve more _______________________ than a single large reserve of the same area.
24. What are biosphere reserves?
25. Today there are more than ________________ biosphere reserves in
__________________ countries.
26. Each reserve must be large enough to contain __________________ zones.
27. The core area contains:
28. The buffer zone _________________ and ____________________ the core area.
29. The second buffer or transition zone surrounds the
______________________________________.
30. To help protect and manage biosphere reserves, it would cost about
____________________ per year – about what the world’s nations spend on weapons
every 90 minutes.
31. Reserves are ___________________ changing in response to environmental
changes.
32. Reserves are also affected by a variety of _________________,
____________________, _________________________, and
__________________________________________.
33. One way to deal with these uncertainties and conflicts is through
_____________________ _________________ _______________________.
34. It is based on __________________ principles.
35. First, integrate ecological, economic, and social principles to help maintain and
restore the ____________________ and biological diversity of reserves while supporting
sustainable economies and communities.
36. Second, seek ways to get
________________________________________________,
_________________________________________________________,
_________________________, ____________________________________________,
and ____________________________________ to reach a consensus on how to achieve
common conservation objectives.
37. Third, view all decisions and strategies as _____________________ and
___________________ experiments and use failures as opportunities for learning and
improvement.
38. Fourth, emphasize continual information gathering, monitoring, reassessment,
flexibility, adaption, and innovation in the face of ______________________ and
usually unpredictable change.
39. Figure 11-23 summarizes the adaptive ecosystem management process.
40. We can prevent or slow down losses of biodiversity by concentrating efforts on
protecting _________________________ where significant biodiversity is under
immediate threat.
41. Conservation biologists use an “emergency action” strategy to protect biodiversity hot
spots. Define biodiversity hot spots.
42. What do hot spots contain?
43. What is wilderness? How much land does it take up? Why?
44. Some people oppose protecting wilderness because:
45. Biologists’ most important reasons for protecting wilderness from exploitation and
degradation is to ______________________________________ as a vital part of the
earth’s natural capital and to
______________________________________________________________________
in response to mostly unpredictable changes in environmental conditions.
46. One other reason to preserve wilderness are:
47. Only a small amount of US land has been set aside as wilderness. How much?
48. When was the Wilderness Act passed?
49. Where is most of it? ______________________ How much is in the southern
states? _____________ So we’ve reserved _______ % of the continental US.
50. Only _______ of the 413 wilderness areas in the lower 48 states are larger than
_______ square miles. This also includes only _______ of the 233 distinct ecosystems.
51. What are most wilderness areas threatened by?
52. How much land could qualify for designation as wilderness? Where is 60% of that?
53. Some wilderness advocates call for creating wilderness recovery areas- what would
these areas do?
54. What would The Wildlands Project do?
55. What is the bad and good news?
56. Define ecological restoration.
57. What three questions does Wendell say we should ask when considering modifying/
rehabilitating natural ecosystems?
First…
Second…
Third…
58. Define the following:
Restoration:
Rehabilitation:
Remediation:
Replacement:
59. List three of the principles suggested for carrying out ecological restoration and give
an example of each.
60. Give three reasons why we should not depend on ecological restoration to fix what
we destroy.
61. Answer the “How Would You Vote?” question and explain your answer.
62. ______________________ in the lowlands of ____________________ is the site
of one of the world’s largest ecological restoration projects. What happened there? What
are they doing to restore it?
63. Define Janzen’s concept of biocultural restoration.
64. List three of the benefit for people who actively participate in the project.
65. In a few decades _________________________ will be running the park and local
political system. What is the significance of this?
66. What three things does Janzen believe are the best ways to restore degraded
ecosystems? Why does he believe they work better than guards and fences?
67. _______________________ was published by _______________________, who is
considered to be one of the world’s foremost experts on biodiversity. Pick four step of his
list of eight priorities and give an example of how each could be accomplished.
68. About how much would Wilson’s conservation strategy cost?
That looks like a big number, but what tax could it be provided by?
Would you be willing to pay that tax? Why/ Why not?
According to Suzuhi, what is sustainability all about? Do you agree? Why/ Why not?
69. What will this strategy for protecting the earth’s biodiversity require? Do you think
that it’s possible? Why/ Why not?
70. Look at Figure 11-25 (the yellow box at the top left). Pick one of the bullet points and
briefly describe how you could incorporate it into your life.
71. Read the quote by Aldo Leopold and write a brief response to it.
Pages 224 – 227
1. The main reasons for the extinction of the passenger pigeon were
__________________________________________________________
2.
In _____ passenger pigeon hunting became a big business
3.
Biologists estimate that human activities have increased the natural rate of
extinction by a factor of ______ to _______ or more.
4. Rate of loss of biodiversity expected to __________ as population grows, consumes
more __________, disturbs more land and aquatic systems, and uses more net plant
productivity that supports all species.
5. When a species is no longer found in one area but is still found elsewhere in the
world, it is ________ extinction.
6. ___________ extinction is when so few members of a species are left that it can no
longer play its ecological roles in the biological communities where it is found
7. When a species is no longer found anywhere on earth, it is ___________ extinction
8. Species that are _________ have so few individual survivors that it could soon
become extinct.
9. __________ species are still abundant in its natural range but because of declining
numbers is likely to become __________ in the near future.
10. Scientists use _________ and _________ to estimate extinction rates
11. ______ of all species that have ever existed are now extinct
12. An ___________________ is when large numbers of a __________ are lost over a
period of a few centuries or at most _______ years
13. The three main problems scientists have trying to catalog extinction are:
-
-
-
14. Define lost natural capital:
pg. 228-230
1.The World Conservation Union has kept a ______________ that has become the world
standard for threatened species.
2.Biologists use these lists to identify species that have become _________.
3.What is another way biologist identify extinct animals?
4.90% of __________ loss causes the extinction of about________ of the habitats
animals.
5.About 50% of the world’s terrestrial species live in the ________.
6. Biologists estimate the current extinction rate is ________ times the rate before
humans arrived.
7.Most biologists estimate a loss of over _______ species in the next 100-200 year.
8.What is the current rate of extinction?
9.How many species do we lose per year?
10.We will lose ___ of the world’s species by 2030.
11. What are the three points the book makes about extinction rates?
12. What are biologists calling for to prevent earth’s diversity?
13.How many Florida panthers are left?
14.How long does it take to rebuild the biodiversity?
15.What is instrumental value?
16.How much money per year does eco-tourism bring in?
17.How many known species of bats are there in the world?
18.What do 70% of bats feed on?
19.More Americans die from what than bat transmitted diseases?
Pages 230-233
1. Wildlife tourism, or _______________________, generates at least $500 billion per
year worldwide, and perhaps twice that much.
2. A Kenyan elephant is worth about _______________, in eco-tourism revenue.
3. Much eco-tourism does not meet these standards, and excessive and unregulated
eco-tourism can destroy of degrade fragile areas and promote _____________, species
extinction.
4. Because of the important _______________ and __________________ roles bats
play, we should view them as valuable allies, not as enemies to kill.
5. Worldwide there are __________known species of bats, the only mammal that can
fly.
6. First they _____________ slowly. Second, many bat species live in huge
____________ in caves and abandoned mines.
7. About ________ of all ba species feed on crop-damaging nocturnal insects.
8.
In some tropical forests and on many tropical islands, ____________________
pollinate flowers, and ____ __________________ distribute plants throughout tropical
forests by excretin undigested species.
9. As _________________ species, such bats are vital for maintaining plant
__________________ and for _____________________ large areas of tropical forests
cleared by human activities.
10. In the United States, only ___________ people have died of bat-transmitted
diseases.
11. Currently about _______ of the world’s bat species, including the ghost bat are
listed as endangered or threatened.
12. Some people believe that each wild species has an ______________________ right
to exist.
13. Some people believe that each wild species also has
_________________________ or _______________________ value based on its
inherent right to exist and play its ecological role.
14. Biologist Edward O. Wilson believes that most humans seem to have a natural
affinity for nature that he calls_________________________.
15. As novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky said in his 1889 novel
_______________________________, “Love the animals, love the plants, and love
everything.”
16. Biologists remind us that the true foundation of the earth’s
____________________________ and ________________________ ____ processes are
invisible bacteria, and the algae, fungi, and other ____________________________, that
decompose the bodies of larger organisms.
17. Since the billion years of biological connections leading to the evolution of human
species, we have inherent affinity for the natural, he calls it
_______________________________.
18. What is Biophilia?
19. A dramatic example of how ________________ can triumph over
_____________________.
20. The greatest threat to a species is the loss and ______________________ of the
place where it lives.
21.
Draw figure 12-6
22. What is the greatest threat to the wild species?
23. _____________ of tropical forests is the greatest eliminator of terrestrial species
followed by the _________________ of wetlands and ___________________ of
grasslands.
24. What are major types of habitat disturbance threatening endangered species?
p 234-236
1.
There are_______ different species of parrots.
2.
In the U.S. about _____ birds are killed each year by hunters but about
___________ birds are killed by flying into glass windows.
3.
The problem with introduced species is that they have no___________________.
4.
Nonnative species threaten almost half of more than_______endangered and
threatened species in the U.S.
5.
Deliberately introduced plant ___________ grows rampant in the _______U.S.
6.
The kudzu vine was imported from japan and planted in the southeastern United
States to help control ___________.
7.
Name 3 deliberately introduced species:
1. __________
2. __________
3.___ _______
8.
name 3 accidentally introduced species:
1.
________
2.
________
3.
________
9.
Kudzu could possibly be a source of ___________.
10. In the late____, the extremely aggressive__________ was introduced accidently into
the U.S. in Mobile, Alabama.
11. Up to _____________ fire ants can swarm an intruder.
12. Fire ants have spread by land and __________ throughout the south, from ______ to
_______ and as far north as _______and_______.
13. Fire ants have cost the U.S.___________ per year.
14. Fire ants have killed at least___ people who are allergic to their venom.
15. Widespread pesticides spraying in the _________and _________ temporarily
reduced fire ant populations.
p237-239
1. _____________ is the best way to reduce the threats of nonnative species.
2. To prevent nonnative species from being introduced you can identify major
___________ that allow species to become successful _____________.
3. Many invading species gained a competitive advantage in their new homes because
they left behind about half of their native ____________ and ___________.
4. We can also inspect ____________ ____________ that are likely to contain invade
species.
5. What helps bring new and unwanted biological immigrants into countries
throughout the world?
a.
b.
6. What are 4 characteristics of a successful invader species?
a.
b.
c.
d.
7.
In ___________ areas we can __________ and _________ deer somewhere else,
put them on ___________ ___________, _____________ them or not plant their favorite
____________ around houses.
8. What has Suburbanization created?
9. Collisions between deer and vehicles occur more than ________ million times each
year, injure thousands of people, typically kill _________ people annually, and cause
more than $___________ in additional damages.
10. What are the downsides to shooting darts loaded with contraceptives into the
deer’s?
11. Some protected species are killed for their _________ _________ or are sold live to
__________.
12. What is one reason behind illegal smuggling?
13. What are the worth’s of these items?
a.
A live mountain gorilla?
b. A panda pelt?
c.
An Imperial Amazon macaw?
d. A Rhinocerous horn?
14. In 1950, _________ tigers existed in the world. Today less than _________ remain
in the wild. Without emergency action few or no tigers will exist in ___________ years.
15. Rapid population growth in parts of Africa has increased the number of people
hunting wild animals for __________ of for sale of their ____________ to
___________.
16. What is bushmeat?
17. Where is the bushmeat trade increasing?
18. What are the four reasons why the bushmeat trade is increasing?
19. What is an ecological impact of the depletion of bushmeat species?
20. Killing predators that bother us or cause economic losses threatens some species
with____________ __________.
21. Why did we exterminate the Carolina Parakeet?
22. Since 1921, U.S ranchers and government agencies have poisoned __________ %of
North Carolinas _________ __________.
p 240 -243
Legal and _______ trade in wildlife species used as pets or for decorative purposes
threatens some species with __________.
For every live animal captured and sold in the pet market, an estimated ____ others are
killed.
About ____ million U.S. households have exotic birds as pets, _____ of them imported.
More than ____ bird species are endangered or threatened because of the wild bird trade.
Other wild species whose populations are depleted due to the pet trade include
__________, reptiles, _________, and tropical fish.
Collecting exotic pets and _______ kills large numbers of them and __________ many of
these species and others that depend on them.
Projected climate _______ and exposure to pollutants such as pesticides can threaten
some species with ________________.
Human activity, such as greenhouse gas emissions and ____________, may bring about
rapid climate ________ during this century. This could change habitats of species and
accelerate _________.
Global ________ could increase extinction by altering _______ of the world’s wildlife
habitats by 2100.
A major extinction threat is from the unintended effects of ___________.
International treaties have helped reduce the international trade of ___________ and
___________ species, but enforcement is difficult.
Several __________ treaties and conventions help protect endangered or ____________
wild species.
CITIES stands for the 1975 Convention on International Trade in
____________________.
The CITIES treaty lists about _____ species that cannot be commercial traded as live
specimens or wildlife products because they are in danger of _________.
The effects of the treaty are ________ because enforcement is difficult.
The Convention on Biological __________ (CBD) legally binds signatory governments
to reversing the global _______ of __________ diversity.
What is the national conservation strategy?
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) was designed to identify and legally
_______ endangered species.
The National _________ Fisheries Service (NMFS) is responsible for _____________
and listing endangered and threatened ________ species.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife _________ (USFWS) identifies and lists all other endangered
and threatened species.
Federal agencies are forbidden to carry out, _____, or authorize projects that would
___________ an endangered or threatened species, or destroy or _________ its habitat.
ESA requires protecting the critical _______ developing a ________ plan for each listed
species. But efforts have been hindered due to lack of _________ and political
opposition.
There is controversy over whether the government should compensate private property
owners who suffer financially when it ________ how they can use their ____ because of
the presence of threatened or ___________ species.
The _____ Amendment gives the government the _______, known as eminent ________,
to force a citizen to sell property needed for public good.
Congress has amended the Endangered ________ Act to help landowners ________
endangered species on their land.
What are habitat conservation plans (HCPs) designed to do?
With an HCP, landowners, developers, or ________ are allowed to ________ some
critical habitat or kill all or part of an endangered or threatened species population on
________ land in exchange for taking steps to _______ that species.
These steps could include paying to relocate the species to a suitable habitat, protecting
critical ________ sites, removing predators, et cetera.
Some believe that the Endangered Species Act should be _________ or repealed because
it has been a failure, tramples on ______________ rights, and hinders __________
development on private land.
Pg 244-247
1. Some people want to make _______________ of endangered species on private
land ____________.
2. Other critics want to do away ________ entirely.
3. Most conservation ______________ and ______________ scientists agree that the
ESA has some deficiencies.
4. Since 979 only about ________ of ____________ projects have been canceled.
5. Private lands designated as _________ _______________ are not affected by the
ESA unless the landowner plans an action that requires a federal permit.
6. Biologists believe the United States shold modify the act to emphasize protecting
___________ ____________.
7.
In _________ the 1st federal wildlife refuge at ___________ ________________.
8. About ________ of US endangered species have _____________ in the refuge
system.
9. Activities considered harmful occur in about ______ of the nation’s wildlife
refuges.
10. ________ or _________ ___________ preserve genetic information and endangered
plant species by storing their seeds.
11. The worlds 1,600 botanical gardens ____________ about 150 million visitors each
year.
Pages 247-249
1.
Techniques for increasing the populations of captive species include ______
______, surgical implantation of _______ of one species into a _______ ________ of
another species , use of _______ _______, and ________.
2.
Zoos and wildlife managers collect and freeze cells of endangered species for
possible cloning, these are called _______ ________.
3.
Only a ________ of species have returned to the wild. This is because:
4.
The captive population of a species must maintain ______ individuals to avoid
extinction. _________ or more individuals are need to maintain a species capacity for
biological evolution.
5.
The major conservation of zoos is too:
6.
Some critics see most zoos and aquariums as _______ for once _____ animals.
What else are zoos criticized for ?
7.
Zoos, Aquariums, and botanical gardens, regardless of their benefits and
drawbacks, are not ______ or _____ feasible _______ for the worlds current endangered
species and for the next few decades.
8.
Current reserves are devoted to saving only _____ of nature.
9.
Funds, refuges , and laws to protect endangered species are essentially
____________________________________________________________. The real
challenge is to keep species from getting to such a point in the first place.
10. Reconciliation ecology11. Reconciliation ecology goes beyond efforts to attract birds to backyards. Providing a
_____ _________ ___________ for a butterfly might require _______ or so neighbors to
band together.
12. The conservation agreements that are a part of the ___________________
_________________________ are examples of reconciliation ecology in action. What do
these conservation agreements do specifically ?
13. Look at the case study and describe three ways that reconciliation is used to protect
bluebirds:
14. Another form of restoration ecology would be replacing some _______________
_________ in neighborhoods with _____ _________ using plant species adapted to local
climates that are selected to attract certain species .
15. In Berlin, Germany , people have planted ______________ on ____________, to
increase biodiversity.
16. San Francisco’s ______________ _____________ ___________ is a good example
of reconciliation ecology because it was designed by humans who transformed it from a
system of ______ ___ ______________.
17. The ___________ _____________ ______________ controls large areas of land in
the U.S, Reconciliation ecologists believe that some of this land could serve as
__________ for developing and testing _____ ______ ideas.