Download Broad based Outline for Unit 1

I. Exploration and Colonization, 1492 - 1763
A. Factors in the European Age of Exploration (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries)
1. Importance of trade with Asia
2. Need for new trade routes
3. Improvements in maritime technology
4. Rise of nation–states
B. Major voyages of exploration and conquest
1. Explorers, dates, countries they represented, and results
2. Consequences of first contact – Great Biological Exchange
The Age of Exploration
Date
Explorer Country Results
1487
Diaz
Portugal rounds southern tip of Africa
1492
Columbus Spain
first to explore the Western Hemisphere
1497
da Gama Portugal sea route to India by sailing around Africa
1497
Cabot
England explores Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
1499
Vespucci Spain
explores the coast of South America
1500
Cabral
Portugal Portugal’s claim to Brazil
1519
Cortés
Spain
conquest of the Aztec Empire
1517 – 1522 Magellan Spain
circumnavigated the world
1531
Pizarro
Spain
conquest of the Inca Empire
1535
Cartier
France
explores the St. Lawrence River
1539
de Soto
Spain
explores the Southern U.S. to the Mississippi River
1540
Coronado Spain
explores the Southwestern U.S.
C. Establishment of English colonies of North America
1. Motives in founding colonies (economic and religious)
2. When and how the colonies were established
Colony
Jamestown (1607)
Plymouth (1620)
Massachusetts Bay
(1630)
Maryland (1634)
Rhode Island (1636)
Connecticut (1636)
Delaware (1638)
Carolinas (1663)
Founded by
Virginia Company
Puritans
Massachusetts Bay
Company
Lord Baltimore
Roger Williams
Thomas Hooker
Swedes
proprietary
New York (1621)
(1664)
New Hampshire
Duke of York
John Mason
Significance
first permanent English colony
Mayflower Compact
Puritans
First proprietary colony; Catholics
Religious toleration, freedom of conscience
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Under English rule from 1664
Restoration Colonies; North and South given
separate charters in eighteenth century
Under Dutch control as New Amsterdam
from 1621 until 1664
Royal charter in 1679
(1664)
New Jersey (1664)
Pennsylvania (1681)
Georgia (1732)
Berkeley and
Carteret
William Penn
James Oglethorpe
Overshadowed by New York
Quakers
Buffer against Spanish Florida
D. Economic basis of the colonies
1. differences between New England, middle colonies, and southern colonies
2. role of agriculture, industry, and trade
E. Colonial Society
1. labor force—indentured servants and slaves
2. ethnic diversity—Germans, Scotch–Irish, Jews
3. status of women
4. relations between colonists and Native Americans
5. religious dimension—religious conformity v. religious dissent
6. Puritanism, Great Awakening
F. Relations with Great Britain
1. mercantilism and its early impact on the colonies
2. impact of event in England—Restoration (1660) and Glorious Revolution (1688)
3. colonial political institutions; assemblies and governors
4. Anglo–French rivalry over North America—French and Indian War
Key Terms defined
agitators – those who seek to excite or persuade the public on some issue.
almshouse – a home for the poor, supported by charity or public funds.
Antinomianism: an interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God’s gift of salvation and
minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.
apprentice – a person who works under a master to acquire instruction in a trade or profession.
asylum – a place of refuge and security, especially for the persecuted or unfortunate.
autocratic – absolute or dictatorial rule.
blue blood - of noble or upper–class dissent.
blue laws - laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality.
buffer – in politics, a small territory or state between two larger, antagonistic powers and
intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them.
capitalism – an economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and
open and accessible markets.
calling – In Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage
in worldly work.
caravel – a small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails developed by Spain.
census – an official count of a population, often also including other information about the
population.
charter – a legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a
stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations.
civil war – any conflict between the citizens or inhabitants of the same country.
commonwealth – an organized civil governments or social order united for a shared purpose.
confederacy – an alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation.
conquistador – a Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas.
conversion – a religious turn to God, thought by Calvinists to involve an intense, identifiable
personal experience of grace.
corporation – a group or institution granted legal rights to carry on certain specified activities.
coureurs des bois – French–Canadian fur trappers; literally, “runners of the woods”.
demographic – concerning the general characteristics of a given population, including such
factors as numbers, sex, birth and death rates, and so on.
disfranchise – to take away the right to vote.
domestic – concerning the internal affairs of a country, nation.
ecomienda – the Spanish labor system in which persons were held to unpaid service under the
permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them.
ecological – concerning the relations between the biological organisms and their environment.
ecosystem – a naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment.
elect – in Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.
elite – the smaller group at the top of a society or institution, usually possessing wealth, power,
or special privileges.
enumerated articles: under the English Navigation Acts, those commodities that could be
shipped only to England or other English colonies; originally included sugar, tobacco, cotton,
and indigo.
ethnic – concerning diverse peoples or cultures, specifically those of non–Anglo – Saxon
background.
fertility – the ability to mate and produce abundant young.
feudal – concerning the decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between
rulers and rules.
flotilla – a fleet of boats, usually smaller vessels.
gentry – landowners of substantial property, social standing, and leisure, but not titled nobility.
Great Awakening: religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s; its leaders were
George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards; religious pluralism was promoted by the idea that
all Protestant denominations were legitimate.
Great Migration: Settlement of over twenty thousand Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other
parts of New England between 1630 and 1642.
Half–Way Covenant: in 1662, Puritans permitted the baptized children of church members into
a “half–way” membership in the congregation and allowed them to baptize their children;
they still could not vote or take communion.
headright system: method of attracting settlers to Virginia; after 1618, it gave fifty acres of land
to anyone who paid for their own passage or for that of any other settlers who might be sent
or brought to the colony.
heresy – departure from correct or officially define belief
hierarchy – a social group arranged in ranks or classes.
hinterland – an inland region set back from a port, river, or seacoast.
indentured servant: individuals who sold their labor for a fixed number of years in return for
passage to the colonies; indentured servants were usually young, unemployed man and could
be sold.
jeremiad – a sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for
repentance.
joint–stock company: the company sold shares of stock to finance the outfitting of over-seas
expeditions; colonies founded by joint–stock companies included Jamestown (Virginia
Company) and New Amsterdam (Dutch West India Company).
lynching – the illegal execution of an accused person by mob action, without due process of law.
matrilinear – the form of society in which the family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily
through the female side
melting pot – popular American term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be
“melting” toward some eventual commonality.
menial – fit for servants, humble or low.
mercantilism: economic policy that held that the strength of a nation is based on the amount of
gold or silver it has; also, that the country needs a favorable balance of trade and that
colonies exist for the good of the mother country as a source or raw materials and a market
for manufactured goods.
mestizo – a person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.
middlemen – In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the
retail merchants who sell it to consumers.
Middle Passage: the sea route followed by slave traders from the west coast of Africa to the
Western Hemisphere.
militia – an armed force of citizens called out only in emergencies.
minister – in politics, a person appointed by the head of state to take charge of some department
or agency of the government.
mobility – the capacity to pass readily from one social or economic condition to another.
mulatto – a person of mixed African and European ancestry
nation–state – The form of political society that combines centralized government with a high
degree of ethnic and cultural unity. The modern form of political organization in which the
government coincides exactly with a single national territory and population having a
distinctive culture, language, history and so on.
nationalism – fervent belief, pride, and loyalty given to a political unit of the nation–state.
naturalization – the granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants.
passive resistance – nonviolent action or opposition to authority, often in accord with religious or
moral belief.
peasant – a farmer or agricultural laborer, sometimes legally tied to the land.
penal code – the body of criminal laws specifying offenses and prescribing punishments.
plantation – a large – scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually
employing coerced slave labor.
predestination – the belief that God decided at the moment of Creation which humans would
achieve salvation.
primeval – concerning the earliest origins of things
primogeniture – the legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land.
proprietary – concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the
monarch.
proprietary colony: a colony founded as a grant of land by the king to an individual or group of
individuals; Maryland (1634) and Carolina (1663) were proprietary colonies.
province – a medium–sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger
nation or empire.
revival – in religion, a movement of renewed enthusiasm and commitment, often accomplished
by special meetings or evangelical activity.
saga – a lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their
heroes
sect – a small religious group that has broken away from some mainstream church, often claiming
superior or exclusive possession of religious truth.
secular – belonging to the worldly sphere rather than to the specifically sacred or churchly.
seditious – concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government.
Separatists: those who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England as opposed
to most Puritans who believed it was possible to reform the church; the Pilgrims were
Separatists.
social structure –The basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society.
speculation – buying land or anything else in hope of profiting by an expected rise in price.
squatter – a frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially
opened for settlement.
stratification – the visible arrangement of society into a hierarchical pattern, with distinct social
groups layered one on top of the other.
tenant farmer – one who rents rather than owns land.
tidewater – the territory adjoining water affected by tides–that is, near the seacoast or coastal
rivers.
triangular trade: trade pattern that developed in the colonies; New England shipped rum to the
west coast of Africa in exchange for slaves that were sent to the West Indies for molasses
that was sold in New England.
toleration – originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious
minority.
veto – the executive power to prevent acts passed by legislature from becoming law.
visible saints – in Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and
were expected to lead godly lives.
voyageurs – French–Canadian explorers, adventurers, and traders.