Download Science EOG Study Guide

Science EOG Study Guide
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Animal and Plant Interdependence
1.
What are the living things in an ecosystem called? (biotic)
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What are the nonliving things in an ecosystem called? (abiotic)
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What type of location will support a forest ecosystem? (mild climate; plenty of rainfall)
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What are the 3 types of forest ecosystems? (deciduous, coniferous, rainforest)
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What type of tree loses its leaves each fall? (deciduous)
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What type of tree produces seeds in cones? (coniferous)
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What type of ecosystem is found in tropical climates?(rainforest)
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What ecosystem has animals such as prairie dogs and bison? (grassland)
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What type of marine ecosystem is created when small animals leave behind shells? (coral reef)
10.
What body of water requires animals to adapt to both salt and fresh water?(estuary)
11.
What organisms will you find near the shore of a pond? ( cattails, frogs, algae, turtles) What organisms will you find in deeper
cooler water? (large fish)
12.
Where do all organisms get their energy? (Sun)
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What organisms get energy by eating other organisms? (consumers)
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What organisms use energy from the Sun to produce their own food,? (producers)
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What animals eat only plants? (herbivores)
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What animals eat only meat? (carnivores)
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What animals eat both plants and other animals? (omnivores)
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What carnivores eat animals that are already dead?(scavengers)
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What organisms get energy by breaking down dead plants & animals? (decomposers-like fungi(mushrooms) and bacteria)
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How can an ecosystem support many different populations?( each population has its own niche (lifestyle:eating habits, habitat,
behaviors etc)
21.
What word describes animals that hunt at night?(nocturnal)
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What will happen if 2 or more populations compete for the same resources? (the weaker one will die out)
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What do you call the adaptation animals have that allows them to blend in with their surroundings? (camouflage)
24.
Fleas, ticks, tapeworms, and leeches are examples of what?(parasites)
25.
What do scientists call the path of energy from one animal to the next? (food chain)
26.
What are interconnecting food chains called? (food webs)
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What happens when humans build homes and business? (habitats are destroyed and top layers of soil removed = animals
forced to move or die out!)
28.
Name 3 ways humans affect the environment? (habitat reduction such as deforestation, pollution, over fertilizing)
29.
What is the process called when plants make their own food? (photosynthesis)
30.
What two elements are recycled naturally in the environment?(carbon & nitrogen)
31.
How does pollution from cars and burning power plants harm the environment?(acid rain)
32.
What type of energy does not pollute the environment? (solar energy)
33.
Mushrooms and bacteria are examples of what? (decomposers)
Landforms
34.
What happens as the Sun shines on oceans? (It evaporates)
35.
What pulls water downhill? (gravity)
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What do you call the moving of water from high to low ground?(run-off)
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What happens when rain runs off in the same grooves as a previous time? (forms rivers and streams)
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Some rain will run-off, but some will do what? (seep into the ground & or evaporate)
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What process turns rocks into soil? (weathering)
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What do you call the carrying away of rocks and soil? (erosion)
41.
As rocks are carried down a river, what will happen to them? (decrease in weight because of abrasion, will settle if river slows
down enough)
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What are valleys with steep sides? (canyons)
43.
What usually flows through a canyon? (river or stream)
44.
What is the looping change in a river called? (meander)
45.
What will happen to the outside edge of a meander? (erodes faster)
46.
Where does the water in a river eventually flow? (ocean)
47. What do you call the location where a river meets the ocean?(mouth)
48. What happens to the speed of a river as it approaches the ocean?(slows down)
49. Some rivers do not meet the ocean. Instead they feed into another river. What are these rivers called? (tributaries)
50. What force creates natural sand dunes? (wind)
51. What happens as a stream or river slows down? ( it deposits sand, soil, and rocks. Light particles are carried
farther than heavier particles. Heavy settles first)
52. What might cause large amounts of erosion to occur quickly? (flood)
53. What landform is sometimes created at the mouth of a river when sediment is deposited? (delta- often triangular or
fan shaped)
54. Why do farmers sometimes plant crops on deltas? (fertile due to deposited soil)
55. What landform is created by flooding rivers? (flood plains)
56. What is a major reason why rivers flood? (melting snow, large rainfall, broken dams)
57. What natural forces can cause flooding? (hurricanes & large storms)
58. How are deltas and floodplains different? (deltas are at the mouth of the river, floodplains are along the river)
59. What affects the speed of a river or stream? (slope and amt. of water)
60. Steeper elevations will have what type of run-off? (faster & stronger)
61. How do steep slopes affect plant and tree growth? (no growth b/c soil washes away or erodes)
62. What type of map uses concentric rings to show the steepness of a landform? (elevation map or topographic)
63. What do several close rings mean on an elevation map? (greater or steeper slope)
64. What is a small representation of something large that is difficult to study? (model)
65. How does clearing land affect erosion? (no trees or plants to secure soil, wind and water carries fertile topsoil
away)
66. Why would farmers plant grass on fields between growing seasons? (prevent erosion)
67. What does a dam prevent? (flooding and erosion)
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Weather
What is the process when water changes from a liquid to a gas? (evaporation)
What is the process when water vapor cools and returns to a liquid? (condensation)
Water that falls to the ground is called what? (precipitation)
Where does most of the precipitation on Earth fall? (in the ocean)
What is the condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place? (weather)
What is the amount of water vapor in the air called? (humidity)
What effects the formation of clouds?( temperature and humidity-when water vapor in the air cools it condenses)
What are clouds made of? (water droplets or ice crystals)
What is the weight of the air called? (air pressure)
What tool measures air pressure? (barometer)
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What type of weather can be expected with low barometric pressure? (warm, stormy weather)
What type of weather can be expected with high air pressure?( cool, clear skies)
What causes wind? (changes in air pressure)
What direction does air move? (from areas of high pressure to low pressure)
What is altitude? (the distance above sea level)
What are fluffy white clouds that look like cotton balls called?(cumulus)
What type of weather does cumulus clouds bring? (fair weather, but as they get larger they can bring thunderstorms)
What do clouds with nimbo- or -nimbus usually mean? (precipitation)
What clouds are low, flat, horizontal layers that block out the sun? (stratus)
What is it called when a cloud touches the surface of the earth? (fog)
What clouds are thin, feather-like clouds high in the sky? (cirrus)
What prefix means formed at high altitudes? (cirro-)
What prefix is added to cloud names for clouds that are formed at middle temperatures called? (alto-)
What is a large body of air that has the same temperature and humidity throughout called? (air mass)
What will happen when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass? (warm air will rise)
What is a front? (area where 2 air masses meet)
What weather results from a cold front? (heavy rain, thunderstorms, sometimes snow)
What is it called when a warm air mass slowly replaces a cold air mass? (warm front)
What type of weather results from a warm front? (rainy, drizzly conditions followed by warm clear skies)
What front is formed when two cold air masses squeeze together pushing warm air up? (occluded front)- brings cool
temps and rain
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What type of front results when two air masses meet and do not have enough energy to move? (stationary front) –
brings many days of overcast, rainy weather
99.
What are the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time? (climate)
100. What are the 3 climate regions found on Earth?(tropical, temperate, polar)
101.
Why are tropical regions the warmest? (located near the equator where Suns rays are strongest)
102.
Why are polar regions the coldest?(away from the equator where sun’s rays are direct
103.
How are temperatures affected by mountains? (cooler due to elevation)
104.
What causes deserts on one side of the mountain? (rain shadow effect – precipitation is left at top of mountain
leaving it dry on the other side p. 114 Science Coach)
105.
How is an area’s temperatures affected by its location near a body of water? (milder temperatures b/c water heats
and cools slower than land)
106.
How does wind travel near mountains during the day? (up from valley “valley breeze”)
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How does wind travel near mountains at night? (down the mountain “mountain breeze”)
108.
How does wind travel near the sea during the day? (blows into shore “sea breeze”)
109.
How does wind travel near the sea at night? (blows out to sea “land breeze”)
Forces and Motion
110. What is the distance an object travels over time called? (speed)
111. How is speed calculated? (Divide the distance traveled by the time it took to get there EX. Travel 500 miles in 3 hrs. =
50miles per hour 500 divided by 3)
112. What is a push or pull on an object called? (a force)
113. What do you call a force that is in the opposite direction of an object’s motion? (drag)
114. What is a force that moves an object forward? (thrust)
115. What force pulls all objects to the Earth? (gravity)
116. How are forces described when they equally pull or push in opposite directions causing no movement? (balanced)
117. Forces that are not balance will move in what direction? ( in the direction of the strongest force)
118. A force that slows an object is called what? (friction)
119. What causes an object to stay in motion or at rest until another force acts on it? (inertia)
120. Why is a moving train harder to stop than a soccer ball? (it has more momentum)
121. What simple machine uses a wheel with grooves and a rope to raise or lower an object? Pulley
122. What simple machine consists of a stiff bar with a support in the middle? (lever)
123. What is that middle support called? (fulcrum)
124. What happens if you move the fulcrum away from your effort and closer to the object being lifted? (more force is needed
to lift it)
125. What simple machine has at least one slanted side that ends in a sharp edge? (wedge)
126. What simple machine has a wheel with a rod through the center? (wheel and axle)
127. What simple machine is a slanted surface? (inclined plane)
128. What simple machine is an inclined plane wrapped around a pole? (screw)
129. What is a machine that combines 2 or more simple machines called? (compound machine)
130. What do all machines, simple or compound, need in order to do work? (energy)
131. What is increased by either increasing the mass of a moving object or its speed? (momentum) See #120
132. What is a moving object’s speed and direction called? (velocity)
133. What is an example of Newton’s 1st Law of Motion? (Inertia- objects at rest stay at rest, object moving will continue until a
force acts on it. Ex. Passenger lunges forward as car stops)
134. What is an example of Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion? Mass times acceleration= momentum It takes more force to move
something larger than something lighter)
135. What is an example of Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion? (For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Ex. Rockets,
kick a ball and foot stings etc.)
136. How can you increase the frequency of swings of a pendulum? Shorten pendulum
137. What happens if you increase the mass on a pendulum? (No effect)
138. If you are testing a new invention or design, what is the most reliable strategy? (Multiple trials, record data )
139. What is often created to communicate a design of an invention that solves a problem? A prototype-rough draft making of
the design before it is manufactured