Download AP WORLD HISTORY Mr. Haber UNIT TWO (600 CE – 1450 CE

AP WORLD HISTORY
Mr. Haber
UNIT TWO (600 CE – 1450 CE)
Notes: Outline
This second era is much shorter than the previous one, but during the years between 600
and 1450 CE many earlier trends continued to be reinforced, while some very important
new patterns emerged that shaped all subsequent times.
QUESTIONS OF PERIODIZATION
Change over time occurs for many reasons, but three phenomena that tend to cause it are:
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During the classical era (about 1000 BCE – 600 CE), all of these phenomena occurred, as
we saw in UNIT 1. With the fall of the three major classical civilizations, the stage was
set for new trends that defined 600 – 1450 CE as another period with different migrations
and conquests, and more developed trade patterns than before. Some major events and
developments that characterized this era were:
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This unit will investigate these major shifts and continuities by addressing several broad
topics:
1) The Islamic World –
2) Interregional networks and contacts –
3) China’s internal and external expansion –
4) Developments in Europe –
5) Social, cultural, economic patterns in the Amerindian world –
6) Demographic and environmental changes –
THE ISLAMIC WORLD
Islam –
Ka’aba –
Black Stone -
THE FOUNDING OF ISLAM
Muhammad –
Allah –
Muslims –
Hijrah –
Medina –
Umma –
ISLAMIC BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
The Five Pillars of faith are five duties at the heart of the religion. These practices
represent a Muslim’s submission to the will of Allah.
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mosques
muezzin
minaret
-
Ramadan
-
hajj
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Qur’an –
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Sunna –
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shari’a -
THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
“seal of the prophets” –
Caliphate –
Abu Bakr –
Religious zeal certainly played an important role in the rapid spread of Islam during the
7th and 8th centuries CE. However, several other factors help to explain the phenomenon:
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“people of the book” –
THE SUNNI-SHI’A SPLIT
Ali –
Umayyads –
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Sunni -
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Shi’a –
Sufi –
Ascetics –
THE CHANGING STATUS OF WOMEN
Patriarchal & Male dominated
Inheriting property
Divorcing husbands
Engaging in business ventures
ARTS, SCIENCES, AND TECHNOLOGIES
Ulama –
Qadis –
Dar al-Islam –
Madrasas –
Rubaiyat by Omar Khayyan –
Ibn Khaldun –
Nasir al-Din –
INTERREGIONAL NETWORKS AND CONTACTS
Contacts among societies in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and East Asia
increased significantly between 600 and 1450 CE, and Africa and Europe became much
more important links in the long-distance trade networks. Both the
__________________ and the _________________ were disrupted by major migrations
during this period, but both recovered and eventually thrived. Europeans were first
brought into the trade loop through cities like ___________ and _____________ on the
Mediterranean, and the Trans-Saharan trade became more vigorous as major civilizations
developed south of the Sahara.
Two major sea-trading routes – those of the _________________and the ___________ –
linked the newly created Muslim Empire together, and the Arabic sailors came to
dominate the trade. Muslims also were active in the Silk Road trade to India and China.
To encourage the flow of trade, Muslim money changers _________________
throughout the caliphate so that merchants could easily trade with those at far distances.
Cities along the trade routes became _____________________ mixtures of many
religions and customs.
AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND EMPIRES
Between 600 and 1450 CE, two major empires emerged in West Africa, just south of the
Sahara Desert:
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Ghana –
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Mali –
The Legend of Sundiata –
Mansa Musa –
Timbuktu –
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the Swahili city-states –
THE CRUSADES
(LATE 11TH THROUGH 13TH CENTURIES C.E.)
________________called for the Crusades in 1095 with the urgent message that knights
from Western Europe must defend the Christian Middle East, especially
___________________ of the eastern Mediterranean, from Turkish Muslim invasion.
The East Orthodox Byzantine emperor called on Urban for help when Muslims were
right outside ____________________. What resulted over the next two centuries was
not the recovery of the Middle East for Christianity, but many other unintended
outcomes. By the late 13th century, the Crusades ended, with no permanent gains made
for Christians. Indeed, Constantinople eventually was destined to be taken by Muslims in
1453 and renamed ___________________.
Instead of bringing the victory that the knights sought, the Crusades had the ultimate
consequence of bringing the Europeans squarely into the major ___________________
circuits. The societies of the Middle East were much richer than European kingdoms
were, and the knights encountered much more sophisticated cultures there. They brought
home all kinds of trading goods from many parts of the world and stimulated demand in
Europe for foreign products, such as _______, __________, and ________. Two Italian
cities – Venice and Genoa - took advantage of their geographic location to arrange for
water transportation for knights across the Mediterranean to the Holy Lands. On the
return voyages, they carried goods back to _________________, and both cities became
quite wealthy from the trade. This wealth eventually became the basics for great cultural
change in Europe, and by 1450, European kingdoms were poised for the eventual control
of _______________________ that they eventually gained during the 1450 – 1750 era.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MONGOLS
Pax Mongolica –
THE RISE OF THE MONGOLS
Steppes –
Temujin –
Ogodai –
Mamluk THE MONGOL ORGANIZATION
Khanates –
Great Khan –
Tribute –
TWO TRAVELLERS
Much of our knowledge of the world in the 13th and 14th century comes from two
travelers, Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo, who widened knowledge of other cultures through
writing about their journeys.
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Marco Polo –
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Ibn Battuta -
CHINA’S HEGEMONY
Hegemony occurs when a civilization extends its political, economic, social, and cultural
influence over others.
THE “GOLDEN ERA” OF THE TANG AND SONG
During the period after the fall of the Han Dynasty in the 3rd century CE, China went into
a time of chaos, following the established pattern of dynastic cycles. During the shortlived Sui Dynasty (589 – 618 CE), China began to restore centralized imperial rule.
Grand canal –
STRENGTHS OF THE TANG
In 618 a rebel leader seized China’s capital, __________, and proclaimed himself the
emperor of the Tang Dynasty, an empire destined to last for almost three hundred years
(until 907). Under the Tangs China regained strength and emerged as a powerful and
prosperous society. Three major accomplishments of the Tang account for their longlasting power:
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RELIGIOUS ISSUES
Mahayana Buddhism
Empress Wu (690 – 705)
Emperor Wuzong –
Not only was Buddhism weakened by these actions, but the Tang Dynasty lost overall
power as well. However, Confucianism emerged as the central ideology of Chinese
civilization and survived as such until the early 20th century.
THE FOUNDING OF THE SONG DYNASTY
Song Dynasty (960) –
PROBLEMS UNDER THE SONG
The Song created a more centralized government than ever before, but two problems
plagued the empire and eventually brought about its fall:
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ECONOMIC REVOLUTIONS OF THE TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES
Even though the Song military weakness eventually led to the dynasty’s demise, it is
notable for economic revolutions that led to Chinese hegemony during the era. China’s
economic growth in turn had implications for many other societies through the trade that
it generated along the long-distance routes. The changes actually began during the Tang
Dynasty and became even more significant during Song rule. Some characteristics of
these economic revolutions are:
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Fast-ripening rice –
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Chinaware –
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“flying cash” –
NEO-CONFUCIANISM
Li –
PATRIARCHAL SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Foot binding –
KUBLAI KHAN, THE YUAN DYNASTY, AND THE EARLY
MING (1279 – 1450 CE)
Beijing (Khanbaluk) –
Tax farming –
Ming Empire –
Zhu Yuan Zhang –
Nanjing –
KOREA AND JAPAN
Silla Dynasty –
Some Chinese influence, such as Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese writing
characters diffused to Japan, but it remained unique in many ways. Two examples are:
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Fujiwaras –
Minamoto –
Shogun –
Feudalism –
Daimyos –
SamuraisBushido –
Seppuku –
DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE (500 – 1450 CE)
Until the _______________ most of the European continent was part of the Roman
Empire. However, as the push from the ___________ migrations from Central Europe
caused other groups to move west as well, the Roman armies began to have problems
____________________________. As other weaknesses appeared that threatened the
empire, _________________ groups such as the ____________, _____________, and
______________ began to take over, with Rome falling to the invasions in 476 CE.
Without the structure of the empire, the groups settled into areas of Europe and retained
their own ways of life. The era from about 500 to 1000 CE is sometimes referred to as
the “________________________” in European history, partly because many aspects of
the Roman civilization were lost, such as written language, advanced architectural and
building techniques, complex government, and access to long-distance trade.
For the most part, these early people of Europe could not _________________, and lived
much as their nomadic ancestors had. In their isolation, they slowly cleared the forested
areas for farming, but their greatest need was for __________________. Dangers lay not
only from animals in the forests, but also from other people that had settled in nearby
areas. However, the need for protection grew to be most important when the
______________ from Scandinavia invaded many areas of Europe in the 8th and 9th
centures, followed by the _______________, who came from the east in the late 9th
century. In response, Europeans established feudalism, with many features similar to
Japanese feudalism, but also with many differences.
European feudal institutions revolved around political and military relationships:
Lord –
Vassals –
Fiefs –
Knights -
THE DIVISION OF CHRISTENDOM
Schism -
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
1453 Ottoman Turks –
CAESAROPAPISM Constantine –
Justinian Theodora –
Although they never resolved the many religious disputes that disrupted the empire,
Justinian had many noteworthy accomplishments:
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THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE
THE CHURCH IN THE WEST
“Age of Faith” –
Franks –
Clovis –
Charlemagne –
The Catholic Church established its influence in several ways:
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Franciscans –
Dominicans –
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Monks –
Convents –
Both monasteries and convents served many vital functions:
1)
2)
3)
THE MANORIAL SYSTEM
Manorialism –
Serfs –
Moldboard plow –
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES (1000 – 1450 CE)
Many demographic changes took place that radically altered life in Europe:
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Three-field system –
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EARLY RUSSIA
Slavs –
Kiev –
Tsar –
THE AMERINIDIAN WORLD
THE MAYA
Teotihuacan –
THE AZTECS
Olmecs –
Toltecs –
Tenochtitlan –
THE INCA
Quechua –
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
The era from 600 to 1450 CE was a time when civilization spread geographically,
covering many more parts of the world than previously. However, it was also a time of
great migrations of people that had wised impacts on the people in settled areas. Arabs,
Vikings, Turks, and Mongols all moved from one part of the globe to another, instigating
change wherever they went.
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Arabs –
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Vikings –
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Turks –
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Mongols –
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Bantu-speaking people –
-
Bantu Migration –
-
Africanity –
CULTURAL DIFFUSION AND THE 14TH CENTURY PLAUGES
Bubonic Plague –
“Black Death” –
Important results of the plague (other than individual death) are:
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
IMPORTANT ISSUES: 600 – 1450 C.E.
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Cultural areas and political boundaries do not provide perfect units or categories for
analysis.
Change over time during this era was more characterized by _______________, rather
than _________________, with the notable exception of the Tang and Song economic
revolutions. ______________ groups during this time period probably reached their peak
of influence on the course of world history. Whereas change emanated from both
nomadic groups and civilized areas, the effects of the great migrations of Arabs, Vikings,
Turks, and Mongols during this era have been unmatched to the present day. However,
little change occurred in other areas, such as gender and social class structures.
__________________ families continued to be the norm, and ____________________
distinctions that we saw in the river valley and classical civilizations tended to be drawn
along the same lines: _____________ v ____________ and __________ v ___________.
Elite women seemed to have suffered the most, with ties to the home reinforced through
practices such as _______________ and _______________. Although in these cases
differences were accentuated, gender roles went through no basic structural changes.
Long distance trade grew significantly, but it continued to follow the old routes
established in the previous era. The western hemisphere still was not drawn into regular
contact and communication. However, by 1450 the previously inconsequential
Europeans were on the cusp of changing all of that, as worldwide trade began to develop
in the 1450 – 1750 era.
COMPARATIVE AMERINDIAN CIVILIZATIONS
PATTERNS
MAYA
AZTEC
Social
Cultural
Economic
Political
INCA
COMPARATIVE FEUDALISM – JAPAN AND EUROPE
JAPAN
EUROPE
Similarities
Differences