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Holland Compared Source: FloraHolland The Netherlands General information • The Netherlands – the Gateway to Europe. • Geographically small Amsterdam – 134th position in the world. • Densely populated country with 17.0 million people – 65st position worldwide. • Around 32% of the Netherlands' GDP derived from activities beyond its borders. • Strategic central location – 160 million consumers (half of the EU) within a 300-mile (482.8 km) radius. Capital: Amsterdam Currency: Euro (€) North-South 200 miles/321.9 km West-East 100 miles/160.9 km Area: 16,000 square miles or 33,800 km² Population: 17.0 million Attractive place to live IMD, 2015. Quality of life Population by age 4% 13% 23% 0-19 20-39 40-64 65-79 older than 79 35% Statistics Netherlands, 2016. 25% Population by age (2015) One of the most competitive economies World Economic Forum, 2015. Global Competitiveness 2015- 2016 Macro indicators Source: Rijkswaterstaat Sixth-largest EU Economy Germany United Kingdom France Italy Spain Netherlands Sweden Poland Belgium Austria 0 Eurostat, 2016. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Gross Domestic Product (2015) in billions of euros High average income OECD, 2015. GDP per capita in thousands of US dollars, corrected for purchasing power parity (2014). High productivity per hour The Conference Board, 2015. GDP per hour in US dollars (2015) Prosperous, sustainable and enterprising Switzerland Sweden United States Germany United Kingdom Belgium Austria Netherlands Euro area Denmark -0,5 OECD, 2016. 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 % Average real GDP growth rate (2007 – 2015) Moderate inflation Switzerland 0.0% Euro area Germany Netherland Luxembourg Belgium United States Denmark Austria United Kingdom 0,0 OECD, 2016. 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 % Average annual price increases (2007 – 2015) High labour participation rate OECD, 2015. Ratio of total employment to the population of working age (2014) Many part-time employees OECD, 2015. Part-time work as a percentage of employment as a whole (2014) Relatively low unemployment Switzerland Austria Netherlands Denmark Germany United Kingdom United States Sweden Belgium Euro area 0 OECD, 2016. 2 4 6 8 10 Average unemployment 2007-2015, as a percentage of the working population Trade and investment Source: Europe Container Terminals BV, Rotterdam Open economy 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1970 CPB, 2016. 1975 1980 1985 1995 2000 2005 2015 Dutch exports of goods and services as a proportion of GDP in % World's fifth-largest exporter of goods China United States Germany Japan Netherlands South Korea France Hong Kong, China United Kingdom Italy 0 ITC, 2016. 400 800 1.200 1.600 2.000 2.400 Export value in billions of US dollars (2015) Strong in agri-food production ITC, 2015. Export value in billions of US dollars (2014) Major importer of goods and services United States China Germany United Kingdom Japan France Hong Kong, China Netherlands South Korea Canada 0 ITC, 2016. 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 Import value in billions of US dollars (2015) Most significant trading partner: Western Europe 0,6% 3,1% 2,4% 8,1% Europe 5,0% Africa 3,3% North America Middle and South America Middle East Asia 77,4% Statistics Netherlands, 2016. Oceania Destination of exports (2015) Gateway to Europe 0,4% 20,5% Europe Africa North America 2,6% 3,1% Middle and South-America 9,1% 61,4% Middle East Asia Oceania 3,0% Statistics Netherlands, 2016. Origin of imports (2015) Composition of export Food and livestock 1% Drinks and tobacco 13% 11% 1% Non-edible resources Mineral fuels and oils 5% Oils and fats of animal and plant origin 27% 17% Chemical products Manufactured goods 0% 9% 18% Machinery and transportation devices Other manufactured goods Others Statistics Netherlands, 2015. Composition of exports (2014) Composition of import Food and livestock 0% Drinks and tobacco 10% 1% 13% Non-edible resources 4% Mineral fuels and oils 17% Oils and fats of animal and plant origin Chemical products 30% Manufactured goods 1% 14% 10% Machinery and transportation devices Other manufactured goods Others Statistics Netherlands, 2016. Composition of imports (2015) Eighth-largest foreign investor in the world UNCTAD, 2015. Outward FDI stocks in billions of US dollars (2014) Attractive for inward foreign investments UNCTAD, 2015. Inward FDI stocks in billions of US dollars (2014) Top Sectors in Focus Top Sectors • Agriculture and Food • Chemical Industry • Creative Industries • Energy • High Tech Systems and Materials • Horticulture • Life Sciences • Logistics • Water Agriculture & Food Sector Source: DAF Trucks NV Source: Nuon / Jorrit Lousberg Source: Vereniging FME-CWM Agriculture & Food Sector World-leading supplier of agro-food products • Holland is the world's 2nd largest exporter of agricultural products, after the USA. Together with the USA and Spain, Holland is one of the top 3 exporters of vegetables and fruit. The total value of Dutch agricultural exports was 79.2 billion Euros in 2013. • The Dutch agro-food industry contributed 48.6 billion Euros of added value to Dutch GDP in 2012. • The Netherlands is the largest exporter of tomatoes and potatoes in the world. In 2013 the Dutch agrifood sector exported tomatoes to the value of about 1.8 billion US dollars. • Four of the world's top 30 food and beverage companies are Dutch and another 9 have a major production site or R&D facilities in the Netherlands. • Amsterdam is the largest cocoa port in the world. Chemical Sector Source: AkzoNobel Source: DAF Trucks NV Source: Nuon / Jorrit Lousberg Chemical Sector Chemical Portal to Europe • The chemical industry is one of the leading business sectors in the Netherlands, making a significant contribution to the economy. In 2013, the turnover was 57 billion Euros. • The Netherlands is the world’s 5th ranking chemical exporting country. • Holland is one of Europe's leading suppliers of chemical products and services. • The competitiveness of the Dutch chemical industry lies in its internal and intercompany integration. Chemical companies work together on innovation and production, and take advantage of regional clustering. • Holland hosts 16 of the world’s top 25 leading chemical companies, including AkzoNobel, BASF and Shell. • Holland is also home to world-class R&D institutes for fundamental and applied research such as TNO, Delft University, Twente University, Wageningen University and Eindhoven University. Creative Industries Source: DAF Bavaria N.V.NV Source: Trucks Creative Industries Masters in architecture, design, fashion and gaming • Holland’s creative industry ranks among the world’s top 10 in terms of trade figures, jobs and registrations of brands and patterns. • The annual turnover of Dutch creative industries is 32.8 billion Euros. • Dutch architects are commissioned to design prestigious buildings around the world such as the Mercedes Benz Museum in Stuttgart, the CCTV Headquarters in Beijing and Battery Park in New York. Renowned Dutch architects/agencies include Rem Koolhaas (OMA), Francine Houben (Mecanoo), Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos (UNStudio). • Holland has a long tradition of interior design, epitomized by Rietveld's furniture designs. Marcel Wanders is currently one the world's best known furniture designers. Energy Sector Source: DAF Trucks NV Source: Nuon / Jorrit Lousberg Source: Heerema Energy Sector Innovative, sustainable energy solutions • The Netherlands is a major natural gas producer and the source of advanced gas technology. Besides it is also Europe’s leading gas broker and a strategic gas hub. The distribution network for gas is the densest in Europe and of a very high standard. • The Dutch have unmatched capacity to cope with seasonal fluctuations in gas demand, providing north-western Europe with much-needed flexibility. • Holland has an international reputation for research in renewable energy, for instance in the field of solar energy with institutes such as FOM and ECN as well as various universities. • The Dutch have leading expertise in offshore wind energy, co-combustion of biomass in coal-fired power plants, pre-treatment methods of biomass, the use of landfill gas, and the use of heat pumps combined with heat and cold storage. High Tech Sector Source: ASML High Tech Sector New technologies for health, mobility, energy and security • Holland's high-tech sector is a world leader in the development of new technologies and materials for use in communication systems, aircraft and automobiles, medical devices, energy generation and semiconductor production. • Dutch companies invented WiFi, the CD and the DVD. Bluetooth was invented by Dutchman Jaap Haartsen. And high-tech equipment from Dutch companies are used in 90% of all silicon chips produced worldwide. • The Netherlands is strong in nanotechnology research. Dutch publications in nanotechnology are most frequently cited by patents compared to all other countries in the world. The country ranks 3rd in citation impact. MESA+, the institute for technology located at the University of Twente, is one of the largest nanotechnology research institutes in the world. Horticulture Sector Source: DAF Trucks NV Source: Nuon / Jorrit Lousberg Source: Jan J. Guldemond Horticulture Sector World's leading supplier of flowers, plants and trees • The Dutch horticulture sector is a global trendsetter and the undisputed international market leader in flowers, plants, bulbs and propagation material. • A quarter of the world trade in horticultural products (24%) is in Dutch hands. Holland has a 50% share of the worldwide trade in floricultural products, making it the dominant global supplier of flowers and flower products. Some 80% of all flower bulbs traded worldwide come from the Netherlands, the majority of which are tulips. • The sector is the number 3 exporter in nutritional horticulture products. • Dutch horticultural innovations include intelligent greenhouses that can float on water, moving platforms, robots, innovative lighting, water and waste recycling, and greenhouses that generate more energy than they consume and thus contribute to a reduction in CO2. Life Sciences and Health Sector Source: DAF Trucks NV Source: Nuon / Jorrit Lousberg Source: Jan J. Guldemond ©Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Life Sciences and Health Sector Helping to advance health worldwide • The Netherlands ranks 8th worldwide in life sciences and health patents. • With approximately 360 innovative life sciences companies clustered within a 120 mile radius, Holland is the most geographically concentrated region in the world when it comes to creating economic and social value in Life Sciences and Health. • The sector invests over 2 billion Euros in R&D in the Netherlands each year and is becoming a globally recognized stronghold of open innovation. It already accounts for 2.5% of GDP. • Philips is the world leader in medical imaging and patient monitoring; DSM is a biomaterials leader. Logistics sector Source: DAF Trucks NV Source: DAF Trucks N.V. Source: Nuon / Jorrit Lousberg Logistics sector Strategic gateway to Europe and the world • The Netherlands was ranked 2nd in the 2014 World Bank global Logistics Performance Index (based on terms of efficiency and effectiveness of its customs, quality of transport, IT infrastructure for logistics and ease and affordability of shipping). • The Port of Rotterdam is the world’s 8th largest and Europe’s largest port with a throughput of 440.5 million tons in 2013. From the Port of Rotterdam, all major industrial and economic centres in Western Europe can be reached in less than 24 hours. • Amsterdam Schiphol Airport won two awards at the 2012 Asian Freight & Supply Chain Awards for best airport in Europe and the Best Air Cargo Terminal in Europe. In 2013, Schiphol also won the ‘ACI EUROPE Best Airport’ award for the fourth time. Water Sector Source: Rijkswaterstaat Source: DAF Trucks NV Source: Nuon / Jorrit Lousberg Water Sector World leaders in hydraulic engineering, water treatment and shipbuilding • The Dutch are renowned for their integrated water management and multidisciplinary approach that balances social, economic, environmental and engineering needs ('Building with Nature'). Dutch companies are involved in the sustainable development of low-lying urban agglomerations such as Jakarta and Bangladesh, and coastal development in areas such as Dubai, Vietnam and Romania. • 40% of the freely accessible market for water management is in Dutch hands. • The Dutch Delta Works are listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest flood defence project in the world. With almost 16,500 kilometres of dykes and 300 structures, the project is one of the most extensive engineering projects in the world. • The Dutch invest heavily in innovation and R&D through public-private partnerships. These include renowned institutes such as Deltares, MARIN, Wetsus and KWR Watercycle Research Institute. Human capital and innovation Source: Jeroen Verreijt / Dutch Polymere Institute Well-educated working population United States Switzerland Germany Finland Austria Sweden Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Netherlands 0 OECD, 2015. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percentage of population (25-64 years old) that has attained upper secondary education (2014) Dutch schoolchildren are second in the EU OECD, 2013. PISA score points, OECD average = 497 (2012) Human Development Index 2015 United Nations Development Programme, 2015. Human Development Index (2015) Well-developed ICT infrastructure World Economic Forum, 2015 The Networked Readiness Index (2015) Worldwide Innovation index: fourth position Switzerland United Kingdom Sweden Netherlands United States Finland Singapore Ireland Luxembourg Denmark 0,00 INSEAD, 2015. 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 Global Innovation Index (2015) Modest R&D expenditure Finland Sweden Denmark Austria Germany Belgium France Netherlands United Kingdom Ireland 0,0 Eurostat, 2016. 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 R&D expenditures as percentage of GDP (2014) Home-grown knowledge multinationals ASML ASML Royal Philips Royal Philips KPN KPN NXP Semiconductors NXP Semiconductors Royal DSM Royal DSM DAF Trucks DAF Trucks VDL Groep VDL Groep Rijk Zwaan Rijk Zwaan FrieslandCampina FrieslandCampina Synthon Synthon 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 R&D expenditures in million Euros in the Netherland (2015) Technisch Weekblad, 2016. 800 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 R&D workforce in FTE in the Netherlands (2015) Large base of knowledge and research TNO TNO ECN ECN ESTEC ESTEC Stichting FOM Stichting FOM Deltares Deltares NLR NLR KNMI KNMI MESA+ MESA+ MARIN MARIN CTIT CTIT 0 100 200 300 R&D-budget in million Euros in the Netherlands (2015) Technisch Weekblad, 2016. 400 500 600 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 R&D-workforce in FTE in the Netherlands (2015) 3.000 Refreshing business approach World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 2014. Number of PCT patent applications (2013) High number of patent applications European Intellectual Property Organization (EPO), 2016. Number of patent applications per million inhabitants (2015) Dutch scientists frequently cited WTI2, 2015; Data processing: Netherlands Enterprise Agency, 2015. Average number of citations compared to the world average (2009 – 2012) Infrastructure Source: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Navigable inland waterways IMD, 2015. Quality of water transportation (harbours, canals, locks, etc.) (2015) Good at logistics World Bank, 2014. Logistics Performance Index (2014) Third-largest cargo airport in Europe Frankfurt am Main London Heathrow Paris Charles de Gaulle Paris Charles de Gaulle Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Istanbul London Heathrow Frankfurt am Main Leipzig Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Istanbul Madrid 0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000 Freight handled in 1000 tons (2015) Schiphol Group, 2016. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Millions of passengers (2015) 60 70 80 Largest port in Europe Rotte rdam Rotte rdam Antw erp Hamburg Hamburg Antw erp 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Trans-shipment in million tonnes (2015) Port of Rotterdam, 2016. 400 450 500 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 Containers in million TEUs (2015) 9,0 10,0 11,0 12,0 13,0 Leading the field in broadband OECD, 2016. Number of broadband connections per hundred inhabitants (2014) Government Source: Hans Kouwenhoven Effective government and good-quality service provision Singapore Switzerland Finland New Zealand Hong Kong, China Netherlands Japan Norway Denmark Sweden 0,0 World Bank, 2016. 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 Government effectiveness ranking (2014) One of the least corrupt countries Denmark Finland Sweden New Zealand Netherlands Norway Switzerland Singapore Canada Germany 0 10 20 Transparency International, 2016. 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Score on the Corruption Perception Index (2015) Moderate level of government debt Luxembourg Denmark Sweden Finland Netherlands Germany Austria United Kingdom Euro area Ireland 0 Eurostat, 2016. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 National debt as a percentage of GDP (2015) Competitive taxation climate % IMD, 2015. Maximum tax rate, calculated on profit before tax Explanatory notes Holland Compared is intended to provide a concise and representative picture of the state of the Dutch economy. Every attempt has been made to select indicators carefully and judiciously from internationally renowned and reliable sources. In the case of most of the indicators, the Dutch economy has been compared with surrounding countries (such as Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the UK and Switzerland, many of which are similar in terms of their economic structures), and the United States. Comparisons have also been made, in a number of instances, with other countries, such as with various global rankings. More information: Netherlands Enterprise Agency www.hollandtrade.com or www.rvo.nl [email protected] Economic editor: Ron Hogenboom [email protected]