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Chapter 17
Chapter 17
Blood
A. Composition of Blood
1. Blood is made up of ________________________ and formed elements
2. Function of Blood
a. Carry ________________________ to the cells
b. ________________________ waste from the
________________________
c. Assist the body in ________________________ regulation
3. Blood
a. Plasma ________________________
1) ________________________ 7%
2) ________________________ 91%
3) other ________________________ 2%
b. Formed Elements
1) ________________________ 250-400 thousand
2) Leukocytes 5-9 thousand (________________________)
3) Erythrocytes 4.2-5.8 million
(________________________)
4. Blood Volume
a. About 8% of total body weight in average-sized adults
1) Females contain about ________________________
2) Males contain about ________________________
b. Age, body type and sex are ________________________ in
determining a person’s ________________________ volume
c. Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with
the amount of excess body fat. Less body __________________
more ________________________ per kilogram
B. Formed Elements of Blood
1. The formed elements of the blood are
a. Red Blood Cells (________________________) erythrocytes
b. White Blood Cells (_______________________) leukocytes
c. ________________________ thrombocytes
2. Hematocrit - ________________________ percent of blood cells in whole
blood: Packed cell volume
a. A normal hematocrit is 45%, so the percentage of
________________________ is about 55%
b. Anemias have a ________________________ hematocrit values
c. Polycythemia is a condition with a ________________________
hematocrit. These are healthy individuals who have high RBC in
plasma
d. A person who has a hematocrit of 40% means that in every 100
ml of whole blood, there are 40 ml of
________________________ and ________________________
of fluid plasma
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3. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
a. A normal, mature RBC has no ________________________,
ribosomes, mitochondria and other organelles typical of most
body ________________________
b. Most numerous of the formed elements in the ______________
c. Shaped as biconcave ________________________
d. Function of Red Blood Cells
1) _______________ play a critical role in the transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body
2) An ___________________, carbonic anhydrase in RBCs
catalyzes a reaction that joins carbon dioxide and water to
form ________________________
3) Dissociation of the acid then generates bicarbonate ions
(HCO3-) and H+ which ___________________ out of the
RBCs. Because carbon dioxide is chemically incorporated
into the newly formed biocarbonate ions, it can be
_______________ in this new form in the blood plasma
e. Hemoglobin
1) Within each red blood cell there are an estimated
___________ million molecules of hemoglobin
2) Each hemoglobin molecule is composed of four chains of
______________ called globin and 4 hem molecules which
contain one ___________ atome
3) Globin is the part of the hemoglobin molecules that
combines with ________________________
f. Formation of Red Blood Cells
1) Erythroproiesis is the entire process of
________________________ formation
2) Many types of blood cells are produced in the red
________________________
3) See figure 17-6
a) All __________________ are derived from
hemocytoblasts
b) A type of __________________ RBC is called
reticulocytes (can be found ________________ in
the blood)
c) Erythropoietin is a ________________ that is
released by the _________________ to stimulate
red blood cell _____________________
g. Destruction of Red Blood Cells
1) Aged, abnormal or damaged red blood cells are
phagocytosed (____________________) by macrophages
in the spleen and __________________
2) Breakdown of ________________ released from the
____________________ yields globin and heme.
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3) The globin is converted to __________________ and used
as an ___________________ source or form protein
synthesis
4) Heme is degraded into ________________ which may be
stored or used ________________________ to produce
both new hemoglobin and bilirubin which can be excreted
in ________________________
4. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
a. There are five types of ___________________ and are classified
according to the presences or absence of ___________________
and the ________________ characteristics of their cytoplasm
1) Granuloctyes – large granules in ___________________
a) Neutrophils
b) Eosinophils
c) Basophils
2) Agranulocytes – without _____________________
a) Lymphocytes
b) Monocytes
b. Granulocytes
1) Neutrophils
a) 65% of WBCs
b) Active phagocytic cells that can
_________________ out of blood vessels and enter
tissue spaces
2) Esoinophils
a) 2% to 5% of _________________
b) Important in ___________________ against
infections caused by parasitic worms and
involvement in ________________ reactions
3) Basophils
a) Least numerous – only .5 –1% of _______________
b) Granules contain histamine – An inflammatory
__________________ and heparin (an
anticoagulant - ________________)
c. Agranulocytes
1) Lymphocytes
a) Smallest of _______________________
b) Makes up ___________________ of WBCs
c) T lymphocytes have important roles in immunity by
directly __________________ an infective cell
d) B lymphocytes produce _____________________
against specific antigens
e) Plays a role in immunity of infectious disease
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2) Monocytes
a) Largest of ____________________
b) Highly phagocytic cells capable of
____________________large bacterial organisms
and viral ____________________cells
5. Platelets
a. Platelet counts in adults average about
____________________per mm3 of blood
b. Play an important role in both hemostasis and blood clotting or
____________________
c. With in 1 to 5 hours after injury to a blood capillary,
____________________will adhere to the damage lining of the
vessel and to each other to from a hemostatic platelet
____________________that helps to stop the flow of blood into
the injury
d. The formation of the ____________________plug results when
platelets undergo a change caused by an encounter with damaged
____________________wall or with underlying connective
tissue damage
e. The transformation results in the creation of
____________________platelets which bind to underlying tissue
to each other
f. Thromboxane – thrombocytes are used for blood clotting
6. Blood Types
a. The term blood type refers to the type of
____________________ (agglutinogens), present on RBC
membranes
b. Type A – Antigen A on RBC’s (contains antibody __________
c. Type B – Antigen B on RBC’s (contains antibody __________
d. Type AB – Both antigen A and Antigen B on RBC’’s (no
antibody A nor antibody B.) Called universal
__________because it does not contain either anti A nor anti B
__________
e. Type O – __________antigen A nor antigen B on RBCs (has
antibody A and antibody B
f. The Rh system
1) Rh – positive blood has Rh __________present (no Rh
__________)
2) Rh – negative blood __________have Rh antigen present
(has Rh __________)
g. Complications with Blood types
1) Mother +, Father +, baby + __________complications
2) Mother +, Father -, baby + __________complications
3) Mother -, Father +, baby – __________complications
4) Mother -, Father +, baby + complic__________ations
(problem with clotting – __________of baby’s blood
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C. Blood plasma
a. Plasma is the __________part of the blood
b. Some __________present in blood plasma are true solutes or
crystalloids (glucose and other small molecules)
c. Some are Colloids (proteins of all types)
d. Albumins – __________%
e. Globulins – __________%
f. Clotting __________fibrogens – 7%
g. Blood __________also may be classified as electrolytes
(molecules that ionize in solution – inorganic salt) or
nonelectrolytes (__________)
2. Blood Clotting
a. The purpose of blood __________is to plug ruptured vessels to
stop bleeding and prevent __________of vital body fluid.
b. Mechanism of blood clotting
1) Involves a series of __________reactions
2) Classic theory
a) __________components are critical to coagulation
b) Prothrombin
c) __________
d) Fibrinogen
e) __________
c. Current explanation of coagulation involves __________stages
1) Stage 1
a) Chemicals released from __________tissues
b) Chemicals are __________in the blood
d. Stage II
1) Conversion of prothrombin to __________ (__________is
needed along with Prothrombin activator
e. Stage III Conversion of fibrinogen to __________and production
of fibrin clot (thrombin needed along with __________ions
1) __________appears in the blood as fine lines all tangled
2) Blood cells catch in the __________of fibrin
3. Conditions that Oppose Blood Clotting
a. __________formation in intact vessels is opposed
b. Factors oppose clotting
1) Perfectly __________surface of the normal endothelial
lining of __________vessels does not allow platelets to
adhere
2) Antithrombins – substances in the blood that __________or
inactivate thrombin; prevents thrombin from converting
fibrinogen to fibrin example __________
3) __________spot in the endothelium
4) Abnormally slow __________flow
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D. Blood Vessels
1. Types of blood vessels
a. Artery
1) Vessels that carry blood __________from the heart
2) Small arteries are called __________
3) Allows __________and dilation of vessels
4) __________than veins
5) Contains Tunica Media (Smooth muscle and Elastic
connective tissue)
6) Example __________, pulmonary __________
b. Veins
1) Vessel that carries blood __________the heart
2) Small veins are called __________
3) Allows constriction and __________of vessels
4) __________than in arteries
5) Contains Tunica Media (__________muscle and
__________connective tissue)
6) Examples: superior vena cava, __________vena cava,
pulmonary __________
c. Capillaries
1) Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to
small veins (arterioles to __________)
2) __________
3) Lacks Tunica Media (__________muscle and Elastic
connective tissue)
2. Structure of blood vessels
a. Arteries and veins have __________layers
1) __________most layer Tunica adventitia
a) Strong flexible fibrous connective tissue
b) Helps hold blood vessels __________
c) Prevents __________of vessels during body
movement
2) Tunica media – __________layer
a) Made of __________muscle tissue
b) Permits __________in blood vessel diameter
c) Artery tunica media is __________than that of the
vein
3) Tunica intima – __________most layer
a) Made up of __________
b) Areteries completely __________lining
c) In veins forms __________valves
b. Capillaries
1) Have only __________layer, the endothelium
2) The capillary wall is thin enough to allow
__________exchange of material between the plasma and
interstitial fluid
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3) Most ______________ blood vessels in the cardiovascular
system
c. Functions of blood vessels
1) Capillaries are more ______________ vessels functionally
because they allow the exchange of materials
2) Arteries – Carry ______________ to arterioles
3) Arterioles carry blood from ______________ to capillaries
4) Veins – act as ______________ and as a reservoir vessels
d. Circulatory routes
1) ______________ Circulation – blood flows from the
______________ ventricle of the heart through blood
vessels to all parts of the body (except gas exchange tissues
of lung) and back to the ______________ atrium
2) ______________ circulation – venous blood moves from
right atrium to right ventricle to ______________ artery to
lung arterioles and capillaries where ______________ are
exchange.
E. Blood Cell Disorders
1. Red Blood Cell Disorders
a. Anemia
1) The ______________ of the blood to carry sufficient
______________ to the body cells
2) Can result from inadequate numbers of ______________ of
a deficiency of ______________ carrying hemoglobin
b. Aplastic anemia
1) ______________ number RBC because of destruction of
______________ marrow
2) Treated with ______________ marrow transplant
c. Pernicious anemia
1) Low number of ______________ as a result of low vitamin
______________
2) Can be fatal but can be treated with ______________ of
vitamin B12
2. White Blood Cell Disorders
a. ______________
1) Malignant ______________
2) With ______________ white blood cell count
3. Blood Clotting Disorders
a. Hemophilia
1) ______________ to stop bleeding
2) ______________
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