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TIMELINE | 1450 to 1950 | GERMANY
Date
1455 A.D.
Country | Description
Germany
The invention of the printing machine with movable metal types by
Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398–c. 1468) results in the first printing of the
Gutenberg Bible (Biblia Sacra) in 1455.
1471 A.D.
Germany
Birth of the painter, wood carver and engraver Albrecht Dürer (1471–
1528). During this period Renaissance art flourished in Germany and Dürer
travelled to Italy twice.
1517 A.D.
Germany
Beginning of the Reformation. Luther nails his 95 theses against the abuse
of indulgences to a church door in Wittenberg. His translation of the Bible
established the basis of the modern German language.
1541 A.D.
Germany
Death of Paracelsus (1493–1541), physician, philosopher and writer of
medical treatments, who was a defender of empirical medicine and
rejected Gnostic traditions.
1555 A.D.
Germany
The Peace of Augsburg results in recognition of Lutherism and Roman
Catholicism. Each ruler now has the right to decide on the religion to be
practised in his state.
1583 A.D.
Germany
Birth of Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583–1634), Duke of Friedland, who
became the foremost general of emperor Ferdinand II (1619–37) of the
Habsburg Dynasty in the Thirty Years’ War.
1618 A.D.
Germany
The start of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) between Protestants and
Catholics; the war has disastruous results, including death, poverty and
serious economic stagnation.
1627 A.D.
Germany
In Torgau in Saxonia the first German opera ‘Dafne’ composed by Heinrich
Schütz (1595–1672) is first performed.
1648 A.D.
Germany
End of the Thirty Years’ War. The Peace of Westphalia is signed in Münster
and Osnabrück and results in a territorial agreement for Germany.
1683 A.D.
Germany
The Siege of Vienna by the Ottomans ends in the defeat of the Ottomans
by a united army. A gradual retreat of the Ottomans begins.
1685 A.D.
Germany
Birth of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750), who is seen as one of the
foremost composers of concertos, cantatas and oratorios in the Western
tonal tradition.
1701 A.D.
Germany
Friedrich III, Elector of Brandenburg, is crowned as Friedrich I, King of
Prussia. Prussia is on its way to becoming a European power.
1716 A.D.
Germany
Death of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), last universal genius in
Germany and founder of the Prussian Academy of Science, who made
major contributions in philosophy and mathemathics.
1749 A.D.
Germany
The German polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) is born.
He became one of the leading figures of German literature during the
period of classicism.
1756 A.D.
Germany
Beginning of the Seven Years’ War between Prussia, Austria, Russia and
France about the territories of Saxonia and Silesia. Prussia becomes a
European power.
1782 A.D.
Germany
The poet, historian and philosopher Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) finishes
his drama Die Räuber, a great success in the Sturm und Drang Period.
1788 A.D.
Germany
The philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) publishes his book Kritik der
praktischen Vernunft. He is considered a major philosopher of the Age of
Enlightenment.
1792 A.D.
Germany
French troops besiege Germany. Fighting only ends with the Treaty of the
Congress of Vienna (1815). This ultimately results in a reformed Germany.
1806 A.D.
Germany
Franz II (1768–1835), Austrian Emperor, lays down the German crown and
thus dissolves the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
1813 A.D.
Germany
Prussia, Austria and Russia gain a decisive battle against Napoleon I
(1769–1821) near Leipzig. This is seen as the peak of the German freedom
movement.
1823 A.D.
Germany
The Ninth Symphony of the composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827)
is seen as the peak of Viennese classical music.
1848 A.D.
Germany
The March Revolution tried to introduce a democratic constitution. Marx
(1818–83) and Engels (1820–95) publish Das Kommunistische Manifest
analysing capitalist methods of production.
1859 A.D.
Germany
The composer Richard Wagner (1813–83) writes his opera Tristan and
Isolde. This is a new form of musical theatre and musical language which
he calls music drama.
1871 A.D.
Germany
The war between Germany and France results in a German victory and a
proclamation of a German Empire (1871–1918) in Versailles with Wilhelm I
of the Hohenzollern Dynasty as German Emperor.
1884 A.D.
Germany
The physician Robert Koch (1843–1910) finds the bacillus of the Cholera
disease. This is only one of the numerous findings of the pioneer of
bacteriology.
1890 A.D.
Germany
Emperor Wilhelm II (1888–1918) sacks Chancellor Otto von Bismark. The
era is called ‘Wilhelminische Ära’ and eventually leads to the First World
War.
1898 A.D.
Germany
The policy of Wilhelm II toward the Near East results in his travels to the
Ottoman empire (Istanbul, Jerusalem and Damascus).
1914 A.D.
Germany
The assasination of Austria’s crown prince leads to the beginning of the
First World War in which Germany fights on the sides of the Central Powers
against the Allied Powers.
1918 A.D.
Germany
As a result of the revolution in November 1918 Germany becomes a
republic. Emperor Wilhelm II abdicates.
1919 A.D.
Germany
Germany is proclaimed a Republic and on 11 August the Weimar
Constitution comes into effect with Friedrich Ebert as its first president.