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Biology 10 Lecture Outline Chapter 31 – Animals: The Deuterostomes I. Overview A. Echinoderms: Phylum Echinodermata B. Chordates: Phylum Chordata C. Vertebrates: Subphylum Vertebrata D. Vertebrate Classes: 1. Fishes: Chondrichthyes, & Osteichthyes 2. Amphibians: Amphibia 3. Reptiles: Reptilia 4. Birds: Aves 5. Mammals: Mammalia a. Order Monotrema - egg layers b. Order Marsupialia - pouched mammals c. Infraclass Eutheria - placental mammals II. ________________ have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement A. Echinoderms (“_______ skin”) include marine sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. Features are: 1. __________ symmetrical adults, bilaterally symmetrical larvae 2. Spiny bodies in ___ parts 3. ______skeleton of spines & plates 4. ____________ digestive tract, with a mouth on the ventral side and anus on the dorsal side 5. Strong ____________ abilities; can regrow severed parts or a whole new body 6. Unique water vascular system, a network of water-filled canals that branch into __________ used for locomotion B. Sea ______ generally have 5 arms and are carnivorous, preying on mollusks C. Sea __________ are usually spherical and herbivorous, feeding on seaweed III. Our phylum, ____________, is distinguished by 4 features: A. These 4 features are present in all chordate _________: 1. A dorsal, hollow ________ cord 2. A ____________, a long, flexible rod between the digestive tract and nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal pouches (___________ & supporting structures) in the pharynx (throat) 4. A post-anal ________ B. Animals in this phylum include both 1. ___________ (with a segmented backbone) 2. _____________ (without a backbone) 2 C. _______________ chordates include tunicates & lancelets are 1. ___________ (sea squirts) are mostly stationary marine animals common on coral reefs; they have larval and adult stages a. The ________ are mobile tadpole like animals that have all 4 chordate features b. Adults are stationary ____-like animals that retain only their larval gills, which they use to feed on organic particles in seawater (________ feeders) 2. ___________ are small eel-like animals that live in marine sands a. They possess all 4 __________ features throughout their lives b. They feed like the tunicates: their ______ trap food particles in the water c. They have ___________ muscles, which they use to flex their body from side to side to swim d. Molecular evidence indicates that lancelets are the closest relatives to ____________ IV. Vertebrates, Subphylum ___________ A. Distinguishing features of all _____________ are: 1. A skull & __________ house the main parts of the vertebrate’s nervous system a. Skull encases the ________ b. Vertebrae enclose the _______ cord 2. Vertebrates have an _______skeleton (within their bodies) composed of either cartilage or bone and cartilage 3. A ________ circulatory system (blood is contained entirely in blood vessels) 4. Paired appendages (___________ symmetrical) 5. Organ _________ level of organization V. ________ are vertebrates with gills & fins. The three major classes of living fishes are Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes A. __________ Fish (Agnatha) 1. ________ are primitive aquatic vertebrates in the class Agnatha a. They are fishlike, but lack paired ______ b. Lampreys lack jaws and have a toothed, circular _________ ___ that they use to bore a hole in a fish and suck its blood 2. The hinged _____ of most other vertebrates are thought to have evolved from skeletal supports of the gills 3. Jaws allow vertebrates catch and eat a wider variety of _____ B. ____________ Fish (_________ichthyes) are jawed fish with flexible cartilage skeletons, such as sharks, rays, & skates 1. ____________, like other fish, possess fins (dorsal, caudal, pectoral, & pelvic) that aid in locomotion; they also have a. A _____________ system of sensory organs along both sides that allow the shark to sense the motion of a nearby animal b. Sharks have separate sexes (____________) and exhibit several types of reproduction (via __________ fertilization) 1) Some lay eggs in shells (__________) 2) Some retain the egg within the female (______________) until hatching time 3 3) Others have a placenta-like attachment (___________) between mother and young C. _______ Fish (______ichthyes) are jawed fish with hard bony skeletons, such as trout, bass, perch, & tuna. Major features include: 1. An ____________ flap covers a chamber housing the gills; operculum movement lets the fish breath without swimming 2. A gas filled sac (swim ______) that helps to keep them buoyant 3. A ____ chambered heart 3. Most fish are ____-finned fish, with paired fins supported by thin, flexible skeletal rays 4. ______-finned fish have muscular fins supported by stout bones a. The ______________ is the only surviving species b. Extinct lobe-finned fish or ______ fishes are thought to have evolved into amphibians VI. _____________ (class Amphibia) were the first land vertebrates A. Amphibios means “______ _____;” amphibians live part of their lives in water and part on land. Key features: 1. Most species are tied to ______ because their skin must be kept moist and their eggs dry out in the air 2. Reproduction is via __________ fertilization 3. Usually __________ (have 4 appendages) 4. ________-chambered heart and closed circulatory system 5. Adults usually have ________ 6. Larval stage undergoes a _______________ into the adult stage B. ______, toads, newts, and salamanders are amphibians 1. A frog egg develops into a legless, fishlike larva called a ___________, which has a. ________ that strain food from the water b. A ____________ organ system and finned tail, similar to fish 2. The tadpole undergoes a metamorphosis to become a _______ a. First, the tadpole grows hind ______ b. Next, front legs grow and the gills are replaced by ______ c. Finally, the tail and gills are re____________ into the body 3. Adult frogs live on ______ and in water and have the following features: a. A respiratory system with air-breathing _______ b. A pair of external ear drums (___________), middle & inner ears c. _____________ system with axial (skull & vertebrae) and appendicular (bones of appendages & their girdles) components similar to our own d. _____________ digestive and urogenital systems somewhat similar to our own (note that a ________ serves as a common exit for gametes, urine, and feces) e. _________ circulatory system and muscular system 4 VII. __________ (class Reptilia) have more terrestrial adaptations than amphibians A. Reptiles include _______, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and alligators B. Like amphibians, reptiles are _________, have lungs, and many have ___ chambered hearts C. Terrestrial _____________ not found in amphibians include 1. Skin covered with _________ waterproofed with keratin, which keeps them from drying out 2. Eggs are covered with leathery _________ that retain water a. The embryo develops in a fluid-filled sac called the _______ b. A ________ within the egg nourishes the developing embryo until it hatches and can feed itself c. This self-contained, drought resistant _________________ allowed reptiles to complete their life cycles on land, similar to what the seed did for plants 3. Reproduction is via _________ fertilization (males have a penis) 4. Reptiles, amphibians and fish are ____________, deriving much of their internal body temperature from their surroundings VIII. ________ (class Aves) share many features with their reptilian ancestors A. Fossil evidence indicates that birds evolved from _________ about 150-200 MYA. Common characteristics with reptiles include 1. ____________ eggs 2. _________ on the legs 3. ______________ is a transitional link fossil between reptiles and birds: it had bird feathers and reptile scales, teeth & claws B. Anatomy & Physiology of Birds 1. _____________, thought to have been derived from scales 2. Usually have _________ for flying 3. Their feathers have __________ shafts 4. Some bones are hollow and contain ______ cavities 5. Have a _____-chambered heart and closed circulatory system 6. They lack teeth but have _________ 7. They have highly efficient ____________ systems a. Lobar lungs have anterior and posterior _________ b. Air circulates ____ way through the lungs and gases are continually exchanged across respiratory tissues 8. They are _____________, their feathers and high metabolism help them to maintain a constant body temperature C. Birds are classified mainly based on their ______ and foot types 1. Birds of prey (_________) have hooked beaks and sharp talons 2. _______birds have long, slender, probing bills and stilt-like legs 3. _____________ have sharp, chisel-like beaks and grasping feet 4. _____________ have webbed toes and broad bills 5. ____________ wings are modified as paddles 6. ____________ have perching feet 5 IX. ____________ (class Mammalia) are thought to have also evolved from reptiles A. Key features of mammals are: 1. Mammals have _____ and __________ glands that produce milk to nourish their young 2. Infants are ___________ on their parents for a time 3. Like birds, they have a _____-chambered heart 4. Have a well developed ________ 5. Like birds, mammals are ______thermic; hair insulates their bodies to help maintain a constant body temperature B. Mammals are thought to have evolved from _________ about 225 MYA C. Most mammals are _____________, but there are also winged mammals (e.g.: bats) and aquatic mammals (e.g.: whales & dolphins) D. Mammals are classified according to the way they ____________, and include the orders Monotremata (monotremes) & Marsupialia (marsupials), and the infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals) 1. _____________ are rare egg laying mammals, such as the duck-billed platypus from Australia a. The __________ lives along rivers, and usually lays two eggs that it incubates in a leaf nest b. After hatching, the young ______ by licking up milk secreted onto the mother’s fur 2. ______________ are pouched mammals a. Embryos have a brief gestation time inside the mother, during which they are nourished via the ____________ b. Once born, they migrate to the mother’s pouch (__________) and attach to a nipple to complete their development c. Most marsupials live in Australia, New Zealand, Central & South America, but we have a N.A. marsupial – the _______ 3. In ____________ mammals, the embryo remains in the mother’s uterus, nourished via the placenta, much longer than marsupials a. _____________ make up almost 95% of all species of living mammals b. Eutherian _______ are based upon methods of obtaining food and mode of movement: 1) Insectivora - ________ eating mammals (e.g.: moles) 2) Chiroptera - _________ mammals (e.g.: bats) 3) Carnivora - ____________ mammals (e.g, : dogs & cats) 4) Rodentia - gnawing _________ (e.g.: rats & squirrels) 5) Lagomorpha - resemble rodents but have 4 upper incisors, rather than two (e.g.: __________) 6) Edentata - ___________ mammals (e.g.: anteaters & armadillos) 7) Cetacea - ______-like mammals (e.g.: whales & dolphins) 8) Proboscidea - __________ mammals (elephants) 9) Perissodactyla - ____ number toe and ________ mammals (e.g.: horses & zebras) 10) Artiodactyla - ____-toed hoofed mammals (e.g.: cattle & sheep) 11) Primates - highest mammals, include monkeys, apes, & ___________