Download Animals: Vertebrates

Biology 10 Lecture Outline
Chapter 31 – Animals: The Deuterostomes
I.
Overview
A. Echinoderms: Phylum Echinodermata
B. Chordates: Phylum Chordata
C. Vertebrates: Subphylum Vertebrata
D. Vertebrate Classes:
1. Fishes: Chondrichthyes, & Osteichthyes
2. Amphibians: Amphibia
3. Reptiles: Reptilia
4. Birds: Aves
5. Mammals: Mammalia
a. Order Monotrema - egg layers
b. Order Marsupialia - pouched mammals
c. Infraclass Eutheria - placental mammals
II. ________________ have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for
movement
A. Echinoderms (“_______ skin”) include marine sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and
sea cucumbers. Features are:
1. __________ symmetrical adults, bilaterally symmetrical larvae
2. Spiny bodies in ___ parts
3. ______skeleton of spines & plates
4. ____________ digestive tract, with a mouth on the ventral side and anus on the dorsal
side
5. Strong ____________ abilities; can regrow severed parts or a whole new body
6. Unique water vascular system, a network of water-filled canals that branch into
__________ used for locomotion
B. Sea ______ generally have 5 arms and are carnivorous, preying on mollusks
C. Sea __________ are usually spherical and herbivorous, feeding on seaweed
III. Our phylum, ____________, is distinguished by 4 features:
A. These 4 features are present in all chordate _________:
1. A dorsal, hollow ________ cord
2. A ____________, a long, flexible rod between the digestive tract and nerve cord
3. Pharyngeal pouches (___________ & supporting structures) in the pharynx (throat)
4. A post-anal ________
B. Animals in this phylum include both
1. ___________ (with a segmented backbone)
2. _____________ (without a backbone)
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C. _______________ chordates include tunicates & lancelets are
1. ___________ (sea squirts) are mostly stationary marine animals common on coral
reefs; they have larval and adult stages
a. The ________ are mobile tadpole like animals that have all 4 chordate features
b. Adults are stationary ____-like animals that retain only their larval gills, which
they use to feed on organic particles in seawater (________ feeders)
2. ___________ are small eel-like animals that live in marine sands
a. They possess all 4 __________ features throughout their lives
b. They feed like the tunicates: their ______ trap food particles in the water
c. They have ___________ muscles, which they use to flex their body from side to
side to swim
d. Molecular evidence indicates that lancelets are the closest relatives to
____________
IV. Vertebrates, Subphylum ___________
A. Distinguishing features of all _____________ are:
1. A skull & __________ house the main parts of the vertebrate’s nervous system
a. Skull encases the ________
b. Vertebrae enclose the _______ cord
2. Vertebrates have an _______skeleton (within their bodies) composed of either
cartilage or bone and cartilage
3. A ________ circulatory system (blood is contained entirely in blood vessels)
4. Paired appendages (___________ symmetrical)
5. Organ _________ level of organization
V. ________ are vertebrates with gills & fins. The three major classes of living fishes are
Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes
A. __________ Fish (Agnatha)
1. ________ are primitive aquatic vertebrates in the class Agnatha
a. They are fishlike, but lack paired ______
b. Lampreys lack jaws and have a toothed, circular _________ ___ that they use to
bore a hole in a fish and suck its blood
2. The hinged _____ of most other vertebrates are thought to have evolved from skeletal
supports of the gills
3. Jaws allow vertebrates catch and eat a wider variety of _____
B. ____________ Fish (_________ichthyes) are jawed fish with flexible cartilage skeletons,
such as sharks, rays, & skates
1. ____________, like other fish, possess fins (dorsal, caudal, pectoral, & pelvic) that aid
in locomotion; they also have
a. A _____________ system of sensory organs along both sides that allow the shark
to sense the motion of a nearby animal
b. Sharks have separate sexes (____________) and exhibit several types of
reproduction (via __________ fertilization)
1) Some lay eggs in shells (__________)
2) Some retain the egg within the female (______________) until hatching time
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3) Others have a placenta-like attachment (___________) between mother and
young
C. _______ Fish (______ichthyes) are jawed fish with hard bony skeletons, such as trout,
bass, perch, & tuna. Major features include:
1. An ____________ flap covers a chamber housing the gills; operculum movement lets
the fish breath without swimming
2. A gas filled sac (swim ______) that helps to keep them buoyant
3. A ____ chambered heart
3. Most fish are ____-finned fish, with paired fins supported by thin, flexible skeletal
rays
4. ______-finned fish have muscular fins supported by stout bones
a. The ______________ is the only surviving species
b. Extinct lobe-finned fish or ______ fishes are thought to have evolved into
amphibians
VI. _____________ (class Amphibia) were the first land vertebrates
A. Amphibios means “______ _____;” amphibians live part of their lives in water and part on
land. Key features:
1. Most species are tied to ______ because their skin must be kept moist and their eggs
dry out in the air
2. Reproduction is via __________ fertilization
3. Usually __________ (have 4 appendages)
4. ________-chambered heart and closed circulatory system
5. Adults usually have ________
6. Larval stage undergoes a _______________ into the adult stage
B. ______, toads, newts, and salamanders are amphibians
1. A frog egg develops into a legless, fishlike larva called a ___________, which has
a. ________ that strain food from the water
b. A ____________ organ system and finned tail, similar to fish
2. The tadpole undergoes a metamorphosis to become a _______
a. First, the tadpole grows hind ______
b. Next, front legs grow and the gills are replaced by ______
c. Finally, the tail and gills are re____________ into the body
3. Adult frogs live on ______ and in water and have the following features:
a. A respiratory system with air-breathing _______
b. A pair of external ear drums (___________), middle & inner ears
c. _____________ system with axial (skull & vertebrae) and appendicular (bones of
appendages & their girdles) components similar to our own
d. _____________ digestive and urogenital systems somewhat similar to our own
(note that a ________ serves as a common exit for gametes, urine, and feces)
e. _________ circulatory system and muscular system
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VII. __________ (class Reptilia) have more terrestrial adaptations than amphibians
A. Reptiles include _______, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and alligators
B. Like amphibians, reptiles are _________, have lungs, and many have ___ chambered
hearts
C. Terrestrial _____________ not found in amphibians include
1. Skin covered with _________ waterproofed with keratin, which keeps them from
drying out
2. Eggs are covered with leathery _________ that retain water
a. The embryo develops in a fluid-filled sac called the _______
b. A ________ within the egg nourishes the developing embryo until it hatches and
can feed itself
c. This self-contained, drought resistant _________________ allowed reptiles to
complete their life cycles on land, similar to what the seed did for plants
3. Reproduction is via _________ fertilization (males have a penis)
4. Reptiles, amphibians and fish are ____________, deriving much of their internal body
temperature from their surroundings
VIII. ________ (class Aves) share many features with their reptilian ancestors
A. Fossil evidence indicates that birds evolved from _________ about 150-200 MYA.
Common characteristics with reptiles include
1. ____________ eggs
2. _________ on the legs
3. ______________ is a transitional link fossil between reptiles and birds: it had bird
feathers and reptile scales, teeth & claws
B. Anatomy & Physiology of Birds
1. _____________, thought to have been derived from scales
2. Usually have _________ for flying
3. Their feathers have __________ shafts
4. Some bones are hollow and contain ______ cavities
5. Have a _____-chambered heart and closed circulatory system
6. They lack teeth but have _________
7. They have highly efficient ____________ systems
a. Lobar lungs have anterior and posterior _________
b. Air circulates ____ way through the lungs and gases are continually exchanged
across respiratory tissues
8. They are _____________, their feathers and high metabolism help them to maintain a
constant body temperature
C. Birds are classified mainly based on their ______ and foot types
1. Birds of prey (_________) have hooked beaks and sharp talons
2. _______birds have long, slender, probing bills and stilt-like legs
3. _____________ have sharp, chisel-like beaks and grasping feet
4. _____________ have webbed toes and broad bills
5. ____________ wings are modified as paddles
6. ____________ have perching feet
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IX. ____________ (class Mammalia) are thought to have also evolved from reptiles
A. Key features of mammals are:
1. Mammals have _____ and __________ glands that produce milk to nourish their
young
2. Infants are ___________ on their parents for a time
3. Like birds, they have a _____-chambered heart
4. Have a well developed ________
5. Like birds, mammals are ______thermic; hair insulates their bodies to help maintain a
constant body temperature
B. Mammals are thought to have evolved from _________ about 225 MYA
C. Most mammals are _____________, but there are also winged mammals (e.g.: bats) and
aquatic mammals (e.g.: whales & dolphins)
D. Mammals are classified according to the way they ____________, and include the orders
Monotremata (monotremes) & Marsupialia (marsupials), and the infraclass Eutheria
(placental mammals)
1. _____________ are rare egg laying mammals, such as the duck-billed platypus from
Australia
a. The __________ lives along rivers, and usually lays two eggs that it incubates in a
leaf nest
b. After hatching, the young ______ by licking up milk secreted onto the mother’s fur
2. ______________ are pouched mammals
a. Embryos have a brief gestation time inside the mother, during which they are
nourished via the ____________
b. Once born, they migrate to the mother’s pouch (__________) and attach to a nipple
to complete their development
c. Most marsupials live in Australia, New Zealand, Central & South America, but we
have a N.A. marsupial – the _______
3. In ____________ mammals, the embryo remains in the mother’s uterus, nourished via
the placenta, much longer than marsupials
a. _____________ make up almost 95% of all species of living mammals
b. Eutherian _______ are based upon methods of obtaining food and mode of
movement:
1) Insectivora - ________ eating mammals (e.g.: moles)
2) Chiroptera - _________ mammals (e.g.: bats)
3) Carnivora - ____________ mammals (e.g, : dogs & cats)
4) Rodentia - gnawing _________ (e.g.: rats & squirrels)
5) Lagomorpha - resemble rodents but have 4 upper incisors, rather than two
(e.g.: __________)
6) Edentata - ___________ mammals (e.g.: anteaters & armadillos)
7) Cetacea - ______-like mammals (e.g.: whales & dolphins)
8) Proboscidea - __________ mammals (elephants)
9) Perissodactyla - ____ number toe and ________ mammals (e.g.: horses &
zebras)
10) Artiodactyla - ____-toed hoofed mammals (e.g.: cattle & sheep)
11) Primates - highest mammals, include monkeys, apes, & ___________