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Metabolism: the chemical reactions that occur in a cell Catabolism: complex Rx are broken down into smaller ones (release energy) Anabolism: Rx that uses energy to assemble more complex molecule. Amphibolic pathways: pathways that are either anabolic or catabolic * Each Rx are catalyzed by a different enzyme Endergonic: energy consuming Exergonic: release energy Aerobic: presence of O2 Anaerobic: without O2 Energy: the ability to do work G: free energy; the energy in a system that is capable of doing work. ΔG: G products - G reactants ( A Rx proceed only if ΔG<0 ) ΔG: the reaction is at equilibrium The reaction always moves from a situation of high potential energy to one of lower potential energy. A pathway must satisfy minimally two criteria: (1) The individual reactions must be specific. (A reaction that is specific will yield only one particular product or set of products from its reactants) (2) The entire set of reactions that constitute the pathway must be thermodynamically favoured (The thermodynamics of metabolism is most readily approached in terms of free energy. A reaction can occur spontaneously only if ΔG, the change in free energy, is negative) Equilibrium: rate forward equals rate reverse. Net change = 0. Keq = equilibrium constant * A Rx will proceed in the direction that favors an approach to equilibrium. ΔG°’: the standard free energy change; so it will be equal to ΔG under standard conditions (temperature (298 K), pH (7) and pressure (1atm)), concentrations of reactants and products (1M). ΔG°’ is an indication of energy released or consumed. If ΔG°’ is: Negative, the reaction is exergonic; the Rx will favor the formation of products. Positive, the reaction is endergonic; the Rx will favor the formation of reactants *Standard free energy value are additive Autotroph organism: is an organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions. Heterotroph organism: is an organism that uses organic carbon for growth. Respiration: sugars, form through photosynthesis, are acquired and oxidized to water and CO2. Oxidation: loss of electrons Reduction: gain of electrons Electron acceptors: NAD+ and FAD Electron donor: NADH and FADH2 They are electron carriers Lactic acid: the product of glycolysis in muscle in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation: metabolic process with organic compound as end product (in absence of oxygen) Kinase: enzyme that transfer y phosphoryl group of ATP to acceptor. Hexokinase: traps glucose in cell because when glucose gets phosphorylated, it can not leave the cell. Phosphofructokinase: can have regulatory properties: Pacemaker enzyme. Ubiquinone = CoQ ; mobile carrier electron. It’s lipid soluble because it stays in the inner membrane. It’s also a proton carrier, because it carries H+. Charge separation: move one molecule from donor to acceptor V-snares: one type of integral membrane protein that is incorporated into the vesicle.