Download Chapter #16 Respiratory System

Respiratory System Notes
Introduction
Obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the Respiratory System.
The Respiratory system includes tubes that:
1. _____________________________________________________
2.
_____________________________________________________
3.
_____________________________________________________
4.
_____________________________________________________
5.
_____________________________________________________
Organs of the Respiratory System
The organs of the respiratory system can be divided into 2 groups.
1. Upper respiratory tract include the ________________________________________________.
2. Lower respiratory tract ________________________________________________
Nose
Two nostrils or openings
_____________________________ that guard against large particles entering the nasal cavity.
Nasal Cavity
Is a hollow space behind the nose.
The ______________________________, composed of bone and cartilage, divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions.
Nasal conchae are bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on each side, dividing the cavity into passageways.
They also support the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity and help increase its surface area.
Paranasal Sinuses
Are air-filled spaces located within the _____________________________________________ bones of the skull and opening
into the nasal cavity.
They reduce the weight of skull
They are resonant chambers that affect the quality of the voice.
Pharynx
Or throat is behind the oral cavity and between the ________________________ and _______________________.
It is a passageway for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus.
Passageway for air passing between the nasal cavity and larynx.
Helps produce the sounds of speech.
Pharynx is divided into the __________________________________________________________________.
Larynx
Is an enlargement in the airway at the top of the trachea and below the pharynx.
It conducts air in and out of the trachea and prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea.
It houses the ________________________. False vocal cords upper folds they don’t produce sound. True vocal cords lower folds
that produce sound.
________________ is a triangular slit opening between the vocal cords. When you swallow the false vocal cords close the glottis
_________________________ is a flap like structure that covers the larynx preventing food from going into the trachea.
Trachea
Or windpipe is a flexible, cylindrical tube about 2.5 cm in diameter and 12.5 cm long.
It extends downward in front of the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity where it splits into right and left bronchi.
Has cartilage rings to prevent the trachea from collapsing.
Bronchial Tree
Consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the air sacs (__________________) in the lungs.
Primary bronchi
right and left that branch from the trachea at the _________________________________. These then branch
into secondary bronchi.
Bronchioles are even smaller tubes.
As the branches become smaller, there are fewer muscle fibers in their walls.
Lungs
Are soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity.
The _____________________________ separates the right and left lung.
The
The
_____________________________ separates the lungs from the abdominal organs and aids in breathing.
_______________ lung (3 lobes) is larger than the _________ lung (2 lobes).
Breathing Mechanism
Breathing, or ventilation is the movement of air from outside the body into and out of the bronchial tree and alveoli.
Inspiration
Inspiration or inhalation
Atmospheric pressure due to the weight of air is the force that moves air into the lungs.
When you breath in:
1. Your diaphragm contracts (_____________________________) the thoracic cavity enlarges.
2. The ribs raise and elevates the sternum
3. The pressure within the cavity decreases…and the lungs fill.
Expiration
Expiration or exhalation
The forces responsible for normal expiration come from the elastic recoil of tissues and from surface tension.
When you breath out
1. Your diaphragm relaxes (_______________________________) the thoracic cavity compresses.
2. The ribs lower and lower the sternum
_____________________________ measures air volumes, revealing 4 distinct respiratory volumes.
_____________________ the air that enters and leaves the lungs during one resting respiratory cycle.
___________________________ is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible.
______________________________________ is the amount of air that remain in the lungs after a resting expiration.
_______________________________________- is the vital capacity + residual capacity.
______________________________ is an instrument used to measure air volumes. Such measurements are used to evaluate the
course of emphysema, pneumonia, and lung cancer, conditions in which functional lung tissue is lost.
Control of Breathing
Normal breathing is a rhythmic, involuntary act that continues even when a person is unconscious.
The respiratory muscles, however are under voluntary control.
Respiratory center in the brain stem control both inspiration and expiration it responds to the concentrations of CO 2 and pH (H+).
__________________________________ is a condition due to a lowered carbon dioxide concentration followed by a rise in pH,
a localized vasoconstriction of cerebral arterioles, which causes a decreased blood flow to brain cells. Causing you to pass out!!!
Swimmers shouldn’t do!!
Alveolar Gas Exchange
___________________________ are microscopic air sacs clustered at the distal ends of the narrowest respiratory tubes.
Simple squamous epithelium cells comprise the alveoli membrane through which gases can easily be exchanged.
_______ diffuses through the alveolar walls and enters the blood in nearby capillaries.
__________ diffuses from the blood within the capillaries into the alveoli.
Gas Transport
Blood transport _______________ and __________________________ between the lungs and cells.
Gases enter blood and they dissolve in the plasma or combine chemically with blood components.
Almost all the oxygen that blood transports combines with the iron-containing protein hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood dissolved in plasma, as part f a bicarbonate ion bound to the amino groups of hemoglobin.
In the lungs oxygen dissolved and combines with oxyhemoglobin.
More oxygen is released from oxyhemoglobin in an acid environment.
The attraction of ______________________ to hemoglobin is stronger than for oxygen, therefore the person may die of hypoxia.
Carbon monoxide is toxic.
____________________ is the deficiency of oxygen reaching tissue.