Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Name _______________________________________ Period_______ Human Regulation Outline Regulation Regulation is the life process by which cells and organisms ____________ to _______________ in and around them. The actions of the ____________ and _____________ systems control and regulate the body. These two systems allow us to adjust to _____________ as well as __________ environmental changes. Nerve Regulation There are three parts to nerve regulation: The The The A ___________ is a specific change in the _________________ that affects the nervous system. A ___________ is a _____________ to this stimulus. Many organisms and glands of the body receive ___________ that are translated into _____________. An impulse is an _________ or _______ message that is carried by _____ cells. The impulses are then transferred to the ____________________ (brain and spinal cord). The central nervous system then sorts out and ____________ the incoming impulses. The impulse is then sent to __________ or __________. These organs and glands provide ___________ to these _____________. Human Nervous System The human nervous system includes the __________, __________, and ______ that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord. Nerve cells receive _______________ and send them to various body parts. Nerve Cells Nerve cells are also called _____________. A nerve cell is made up of a Cell body – Dendrites – Axon – Between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another is a space called a _________. Impulses cross the synapse by means of _________ ______________________. Nerves A nerve is a bundle of ____________ or parts of ___________. Nerves can be classified as Sensory – Motor – Mixed – A nerve fiber is like a telephone line carrying messages to and from your home. The Brain The brain is the major _________ center of the body. The bones of the ______ surround and _________ the _________. The _____________, ____________, and _____________ are three parts of the brain. The Brain - Cerebrum The cerebrum is the center of _____________, ___________, ____________, sensory impulse ________________, and all ______________ activity. It is the ____________ part of the brain. When you take a test, you are using your ________________. The Brain - Cerebellum The __________________ is responsible for ______________ of muscles and is the center of ______________. When you bounce a basketball, you are using your _______________. Alcohol reduces the ability of the cerebellum to ____________ muscle activity. This results in slurred speech and unbalanced walking. The Brain - Medulla The medulla or _________________ is the center of _______________, _____________, and other ____________________ activities. Your medulla is controlling all the activities of your body that you cannot control such as ________________ and __________________. The Spinal Cord The spinal cord is the tubular mass of ________ cells that extends from the brain stem downward through the center of the ____________________. It is surrounded and protected by the ______________ of the spinal column (backbone). The spinal cord relays _______________ to and from the _________ and is the center of some reflex actions. Receptors Receptors are special structures that are sensitive to ______________. Receptors _____________ messages. External Receptors External receptors, called sense organs include Internal Receptors Internal receptors are located in the internal ______________ They allow the ___________ to detect Involuntary Behavior The total response of an organism to ___________ is known as ______________. The response may be inborn or ___________, ____________ or _________________. Examples of Involuntary behaviors that occur automatically ______________ conscious control include: Contraction of _________ and ____________ muscles Secretion of ___________ Simple _____________ ( knee jerk and iris movement) Examples of Involuntary actions that are acquired by the individual through ____________ include: Writing one’s name Riding a bike Playing a musical instrument The Reflex The reflex is an example of __________________ behavior. A reflex action does not require ____________; it is an ____________ action. Blinking and the knee jerk are examples of a ___________. Voluntary Behavior Voluntary behaviors require ______________. The impulses start in the ______ and are carried by ______ cells to _________ or _______. The muscles or glands respond in a certain way. _____________ actions include Measuring with a meter stick Picking up a book Building a model airplane. Nervous System Disorders Paralysis is caused by severe damage to the ________________. It results in the loss of feeling and muscle function in the lower parts of the body. Paralysis occurs because impulses to and from the lower body muscles cannot be _________________ to the brain. Meningitis is an inflammation of the ___________ that surround the ____ and spinal cord. The disease is caused by _______________. The symptoms include severe ______________ and _____________ of the neck. Meningitis can be fatal. _________________ are used to treat meningitis. Polio is a viral disease of the central nervous system that can cause ________________. It can be prevented by __________________. Drugs and the Nervous System Drugs affect the nervous system in many different ways. Some drugs create a feeling of _____________ (well-being). Other drugs cause a decrease in _____________, or an inability to stop doing something that a person would not normally do. Using some drugs results in ___________ when they are taken continually for a few weeks. This means that increasingly larger amounts are needed to get the desired ________. There are some drugs that cause ___________ (excitement) and feelings of high energy. Physical _____________, or ______________, can result from using drugs. When the drug is withheld, the addict suffers physical illness and ___________ symptoms. Chemical Regulation The ____________ system is responsible for chemical _____________. _______ may cause certain glands to secrete chemical messengers known as ___________. These ____________ cause other parts of the body to ____________. Human Endocrine System The endocrine system includes the ________ _______ and their ______________. The glands of the endocrine system release ___________ directly into the ____________. The ______________ transports hormones throughout the body. Each _____________ acts on a certain kind of _________. Endocrine System Disorders Diabetes The pancreas does not release enough _________ to break down _________. This causes _______ blood _______. Diabetes is controlled by ________ or __________ injection after eating. Human Regulation Outline - Teacher Guide (Key) © Lisa Michalek Regulation Regulation is the life process by which cells and organisms respond to changes in and around them. The actions of the nervous and endocrine systems control and regulate the body. These two systems allow us to adjust to internal as well as external environmental changes. Nerve Regulation There are three parts to nerve regulation: The stimulus The response The impulse A stimulus is a specific change in the environment that affects the nervous system. A response is a reaction to this stimulus. Many organisms and glands of the body receive stimuli that are translated into impulses. An impulse is an electrical or chemical message that is carried by nerve cells. The impulses are then transferred to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The central nervous system then sorts out and interprets the incoming impulses. The impulse is then sent to organs or glands. These organs and glands provide responses to these impulses. Human Nervous System The human nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord. Nerve cells receive impulses and send them to various body parts. Nerve Cells Nerve cells are also called neurons. A nerve cell is made up of a Cell body – containing the nucleus and cytoplasm Dendrites – branched parts that receive impulses from other neurons or sense organs Axon – a single, long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body Nerve Cells Between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another is a space called a synapse. Impulses cross the synapse by means of chemical neurotransmitters. Nerves A nerve is a bundle of neurons or parts of neurons. Nerves can be classified as Sensory – carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord Motor – carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the various body parts such as muscles or glands Mixed – contain both sensory and motor fibers A nerve fiber is like a telephone line carrying messages to and from your home. The Brain The brain is the major control center of the body. The bones of the skull surround and protect the brain. The cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla are three parts of the brain. The Brain - Cerebrum The cerebrum is the center of thinking, memory, emotions, sensory impulse interpretation, and all voluntary activity. It is the largest part of the brain. When you take a test, you are using your cerebrum. The cerebellum is responsible for coordination of muscles and is the center of balance. When you bounce a basketball, you are using your cerebellum. Alcohol reduces the ability of the cerebellum to coordinate muscle activity. This results in slurred speech and unbalanced walking. The Brain - Medulla The medulla or brain stem is the center of respiration, heartbeat, and other involuntary activities. Your medulla is controlling all the activities of your body that you cannot control such as breathing and peristalsis. The Spinal Cord The spinal cord is the tubular mass of nerve cells that extends from the brain stem downward through the center of the spinal column. It is surrounded and protected by the vertebrae of the spinal column (backbone). The spinal cord relays impulses to and from the brain and is the center of some reflex actions. Receptors Receptors are special structures that are sensitive to stimuli. Receptors receive messages. External Receptors External receptors, called sense organs include Eyes Ears Nose Tongue Skin. Internal Receptors Internal receptors are located in the internal organs They allow the brain to detect Hunger Thirst Muscle position Carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Involuntary Behavior The total response of an organism to stimuli is known as behavior. The response may be inborn or learned, voluntary or involuntary. Examples of Involuntary behaviors that occur automatically without conscious control include: Contraction of heart and diaphragm muscles Secretion of glands Simple reflexes ( knee jerk and iris movement) Examples of Involuntary actions that are acquired by the individual through repetition include: Writing one’s name Riding a bike Playing a musical instrument The Reflex The reflex is an example of involuntary behavior. A reflex action does not require thought; it is an automatic action. Blinking and the knee jerk are examples of a reflex. Voluntary Behavior Voluntary behaviors require thinking. The impulses start in the brain and are carried by nerve cells to muscles or glands. The muscles or glands respond in a certain way. Voluntary actions include Measuring with a meter stick Picking up a book Building a model airplane. Nervous System Disorders Paralysis is caused by severe damage to the spinal cord. It results in the loss of feeling and muscle function in the lower parts of the body. Paralysis occurs because impulses to and from the lower body muscles cannot be transmitted to the brain. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The disease is caused by bacteria. The symptoms include severe headache and stiffness of the neck. Meningitis can be fatal. Antibiotics are used to treat meningitis. Polio is a viral disease of the central nervous system that can cause paralysis. It can be prevented by immunization. Drugs and the Nervous System Drugs affect the nervous system in many different ways. Some drugs create a feeling of euphoria (well-being). Other drugs cause a decrease in inhibitions, or an inability to stop doing something that a person would not normally do. Using some drugs results in tolerance when they are taken continually for a few weeks. This means that increasingly larger amounts are needed to get the desired effect. There are some drugs that cause stimulation (excitement) and feelings of high energy. Physical dependence, or addiction, can result from using drugs. When the drug is withheld, the addict suffers physical illness and withdrawal symptoms. Chemical Regulation The endocrine system is responsible for chemical regulation. Stimuli may cause certain glands to secrete chemical messengers known as hormones. These hormones cause other parts of the body to respond. Human Endocrine System The endocrine system includes the endocrine glands and their hormones. The glands of the endocrine system release hormones directly into the bloodstream. The bloodstream transports hormones throughout the body. Each hormone acts on a certain kind of tissue. Endocrine System Disorders Diabetes The pancreas does not release enough insulin to break down sugar. This causes high blood sugar. Diabetes is controlled by diet or insulin injection after eating.