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Chapter 21, section 1 H2O basics → X Properties of Ocean Water Water is a good solvent (it is good at dissolving stuff) The ocean is salty because salts and nutrients are dissolved in the water, although pure water is colorless and tasteless Composition of ocean water → Billions of kilograms of dissolved substances are carried into the ocean by rivers and streams. When water evaporates from the ocean the salt is left behind Gases, such as carbon dioxide, are dissolved into the ocean from the atmosphere and from volcanic eruptions under the ocean Elements in ocean Ocean water is made of about 96% H2O, 2% Chlorine, 1% Sodium and less water → than 1% magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium, gold, zinc, & phosphorous Dissolved gases in ocean water → The three main gases dissolved in the ocean are the same three main gases that make up the atmosphere; nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide dissolves easily into water and is therefore the most abundant gas in the ocean Salinity of ocean X water → Salinity- the amount of dissolved solids in ocean water (# of grams of dissolved solids / kg of ocean water) Usually written in parts per thousand (‰) because the mass of dissolved solids is small compared to the mass of water Salinity is increased by evaporation and freezing. In both cases pure water is removed, so the dissolved solids remain in the ocean Tropical waters have a higher salinity because more evaporation occurs, although at the equator there is more rain fall which lowers the salinity Polar waters have a higher salinity because more freezing occurs Ocean temperature → The surface of the ocean is heated by absorbing infrared radiation from the sun The equator receives more direct radiation and so the ocean waters are warmer than the waters further from the equator Because the sun can only penetrate a few hundred meters of ocean water X there is a sudden change of temperature below this point Thermocline- the rapid temperature change that occurs with increasing X Ocean density → ocean depth Below the thermocline water temperature continues to drop until just above the point of freezing Density is mass per volume (m/v) There are two factors that effect the density of ocean water; salinity and temperature If the salinity is high, the water is more dense because the ratio of dissolved particles to water is higher If the temperature is low, the water is more dense because the molecules that make up the water are packed closely together X X