Download CHEM 456_Homework 4_Chapter

KFUPM-CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHEM 456_072
Homework 4 (Chapter 5)
STUDENT NAME: Mohammad Hesham Khojli
1.
Compare and explain the advantages and disadvantages of the saponification and the fat
splitting of triglycerides.
Disadvantages
Advantages
2.
STUDENT ID.: 246740
fat splitting
saponification
1. the
long-lasting
1. necessity of expensive
splitting process (40
chemicals.
hours)
2. high purification costs
2. products darkening
More effective in removing High speed and requires less
impurities
time
Explain the synthesis and the use of the amphoteric surfactants.
Amphoteric Surfactants includes both acidic and basic groups in
the same molecule. Therefore it can be synthesized by either the acidification of cationic surfactants
or the treating anionic surfactants with a base.
They can be used in the production of hair shampoos, and manual dishwashing agents but they are
rarely used in laundries for their high costs
3.
What are the advantages of the nonionic surfactants compared to ionic surfactants?
nonionic surfactants
Can be used in neutral solutions so they can be
used to form ionic solution in further steps
Can be made form variety of organic compound
with different functional groups ( alcohol , fatty
acid, amines , amides )
ionic surfactants
Work Only basic or acidic solutions
Generally can not be made from functional
groups compounds except for cationic
surfactants which are mainly amines
4.
What are the sources and the importance of cellulose in detergents?
Cellulose can be obtained by the complete hydrolysis of glucose since cellulose is composed of
glucose units connected by beta-linkage.
The importance of cellulose in detergency is that it can be used as anti-redeposition agents that
enhance the detergency action so that less can be used of the more expensive detergents of high
activity. It also has the ability to control water hardness and other metal ions by eliminating calcium
and magnesium ions, which arise from the water and from soil.
Example of a cellulose compound used in detergents is the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
which can be synthesized by the alkali catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid .
5.
What is role of phosphate and carbonate on the detergents?
They work as inorganic builders which enhance the detergency action so that less can be used of
the more expensive detergents of high activity. It also has the ability to control water hardness and
other metal ions by eliminating calcium and magnesium ions, which arise from the water and from
soil.
6.
How the organic contaminants from detergents are removed from sewage?
This is done using biodegrading which is removal of organic compounds from sewages, surface
waters and soils. The first step in this process involves the transformation of the sodium sulfonate
to a first degradation product (primary degradation). The ultimate biodegradation represents the
total decomposition of the total organic structure into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts,
and in parallel, partly into bacterial biomass.