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KFUPM-CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHEM 456_072 Homework 4 (Chapter 5) STUDENT NAME: Mohammad Hesham Khojli 1. Compare and explain the advantages and disadvantages of the saponification and the fat splitting of triglycerides. Disadvantages Advantages 2. STUDENT ID.: 246740 fat splitting saponification 1. the long-lasting 1. necessity of expensive splitting process (40 chemicals. hours) 2. high purification costs 2. products darkening More effective in removing High speed and requires less impurities time Explain the synthesis and the use of the amphoteric surfactants. Amphoteric Surfactants includes both acidic and basic groups in the same molecule. Therefore it can be synthesized by either the acidification of cationic surfactants or the treating anionic surfactants with a base. They can be used in the production of hair shampoos, and manual dishwashing agents but they are rarely used in laundries for their high costs 3. What are the advantages of the nonionic surfactants compared to ionic surfactants? nonionic surfactants Can be used in neutral solutions so they can be used to form ionic solution in further steps Can be made form variety of organic compound with different functional groups ( alcohol , fatty acid, amines , amides ) ionic surfactants Work Only basic or acidic solutions Generally can not be made from functional groups compounds except for cationic surfactants which are mainly amines 4. What are the sources and the importance of cellulose in detergents? Cellulose can be obtained by the complete hydrolysis of glucose since cellulose is composed of glucose units connected by beta-linkage. The importance of cellulose in detergency is that it can be used as anti-redeposition agents that enhance the detergency action so that less can be used of the more expensive detergents of high activity. It also has the ability to control water hardness and other metal ions by eliminating calcium and magnesium ions, which arise from the water and from soil. Example of a cellulose compound used in detergents is the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) which can be synthesized by the alkali catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid . 5. What is role of phosphate and carbonate on the detergents? They work as inorganic builders which enhance the detergency action so that less can be used of the more expensive detergents of high activity. It also has the ability to control water hardness and other metal ions by eliminating calcium and magnesium ions, which arise from the water and from soil. 6. How the organic contaminants from detergents are removed from sewage? This is done using biodegrading which is removal of organic compounds from sewages, surface waters and soils. The first step in this process involves the transformation of the sodium sulfonate to a first degradation product (primary degradation). The ultimate biodegradation represents the total decomposition of the total organic structure into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts, and in parallel, partly into bacterial biomass.