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Science study guide Chapter 11 Earthquakes Section 1 1. Define elastic limit ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. When rocks break, they move along lines or cracks in the earth called __________________. 3. An ____________________________ is the vibrations produced by breaking rock. 4. Type of force What it does 5. Name the fault and describe what is happening. Fault it creates Section 2 1. The point beneath the surface where the rocks break and move is called the _______________________________. 2. The point directly above the focus on Earth’s surface where waves reach first is called the _________________________________. 3. The ____________________________ is underground. 4. The most violent shaking occurs at the _________________________. 5. __________________________ are a type of low frequency sound wave that moves through Earth’s surface and interior layers. 6. The instrument that measures seismic waves is called a ______________________. People, known as ________________________, study earthquakes. The record of waves is called a _________________________. 7. To find the epicenter, scientists need readings from _____ or more stations. The point where the circles intersect is called the _______________________. 8. The speeds and paths of seismic waves change as they travel through materials with different densities. Density ____________________ with depth as pressures ______________________. 9. How is the shadow zone created? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. The _________________________ calculates the strength (magnitude) of an earthquake and the _______________________________ measures the intensity (amount of destruction) of an earthquake. 11. Types of Seismic Waves P-waves S-waves Surface waves Part 1 P-wave travel time Distance from the epicenter 2,000 m 11 min 2,800 m 8 min S-wave travel time Distance from the epicenter 12 min 800 m 12 min 30 sec 200 m Part 2 The difference between the P-wave and S-wave arrival time is given below. Find the distance to the epicenter. Difference in arrival times 3 min 5 min 7 min 9 min Distance to epicenter Part 3 The distance to the epicenter is given below. Find the difference in arrival time of the Pwave and S-wave. Distance to epicenter 1,100 m 1,600 m 2,000 m 2,800 m Difference in arrival times Section 3 1. Why do scientists study earthquakes? ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. About how many people are killed a year from earthquakes? ____________________ 3. Define liquefaction ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Ocean waves caused by earthquakes are called _____________________________. 5. How can you tell a tsunami might strike? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. What can people do to reduce the damage from earthquakes? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________