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Chapter 17: Reconstruction and the New South (1865-1896)
 Section 1: Reconstruction Plans:
o Reconstruction Debate:
 The _______________ was saved. Now the challenge was reuniting and rebuilding the
______________. The ___________________ states needed to be
___________________. The Southern economy and society also needed to be rebuilt.
Americans ________________ on how this should happen. The period of rebuilding is
called ____________________. It also refers to the various ____________ for
readmitting the Southern states to the ________________.
o Lincoln’s Plan:
 December 1863, during the ________________, Lincoln introduced the
__________________. When 10% of the _____________ of a states took an oath of
________________ to the Union, the state could form a new ______________ and adopt
a new ___________________ that banned _______________. Lincoln believed that
____________ the South would serve no purpose and would only delay healing the torn
nation.
 Lincoln offered _________________ (a pardon) to all white __________________ who
were willing to swear _________________ to the Union. Did not include
_______________ leaders. In 1864, three states under Union occupation
(_________________, Arkansas, and Tennessee) set up governments under the plan, but
the _______________ refused to seat the states’ _____________________.
o The Radicals’ Plan:
 Some _______________ saw Lincoln’s plan too ___________. They favored a more
______________ approach and were called the __________________________. Radical
Republican _____________________ said that Southern institutions “must be broken up
and relaid, or all out blood and treasure have been spent in vain.” ________________
was controlled by the Radical Republicans and voted to deny seats to
___________________ from any state that was readmitted under __________________
plan.
o Wade-Davis Bill:
 July 1864: _______________ passed the Wade-Davis Bill. To rejoin the Union, a
___________ had to meet several requirements.
1. A ________________ of the state’s ___________ males had to swear loyalty to
the Union.
2. Only _____________ males who swore they had not fought against the Union
could ______________ for ________________ to a state constitutional
convention.
3. New state _________________ had to ban slavery.
 The bill would also ban _____________________________ from holding public office.
o Lincoln’s Response:
 ________________ refuse to sign the _____________________, but he wanted state
____________________ to form quickly. _________________ wanted order restored in
the ______________ as soon as possible. Lincoln would have to _________________
with the Radical Republicans.
o The Freedmen’s Bureau:
 March 1865: _______________ and ________________ set up the Freedmen’s Bureau.
The bureau helped _______________________ adjust to _____________________. It
provided food, clothing, and _____________________. It helped freed people acquire
______________ or find ________________ for fair wages. It also helped set up
______________ and gave aid to new ____________________________ institutions of
higher learning including Atlanta University, ___________________________, and Fisk
University.
o April 14th, 1865:
 President ___________________ attended a play at Ford’s Theatre in
____________________. ________________________ entered the private box and
_______________ Lincoln in the head. Lincoln died hours later. Vice-President
___________________________ became President. Johnson soon revealed his plan for
____________________________ (called Restoration).
o Restoration:
 _____________________ plan would grant _____________ to most Southerners once
they swore _____________ to the Union. High-ranking ____________________ could
be __________________ only by appealing to the ______________________. This
showed that Johnson wanted to __________________ the leaders who he believed had
tricked the South’s people into __________________. Johnson said only loyal, pardoned
whites could __________ for delegates to the state constitutional conventions. Johnson
stated, “white men alone must manage the south.” _______________ opposed equal
rights for _____________________.
 States had to ___________________ secession and ban _______________ before
entering the Union. States also had to _____________ the ______________________
(Abolished slavery in the U.S.). By the end of 1865, all form confederate states had new
_______________ and were ready to rejoin the Union, except __________________.
 Section 2: Radicals in Control:
o African Americans’ Rights:
 Some whites tried to terrorize ______________________ (burning churches and homes).
Many events happened like this and convinced _____________________________ that
President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was not strong enough. Fall 1865: Southern
states created new ___________________ based on Johnson’s plan. They also elected
new ____________________ to Congress. When the representatives arrived in
_______________________, Congress refused to seat them.
o Black Codes:
 Early 1866: Southern states passed __________________. They were laws to control
freed men and women. They allowed ____________________________ to exploit
___________________ workers. They also allowed _______________ to arrest and fine
jobless African Americans. They ____________ African Americans from owning or
renting _______________. To many, the black codes resembled _______________.
o Freedmen’s Bureau:
 Early 1866: ______________ passed a bill giving the _______________________ new
powers. The Bureau could set up ___________ and try people charged with violating the
rights of _______________________. African Americans could serve on
_______________ in these courts. Congress passed the
______________________________ which granted full citizenship to African
Americans. The federal government could also intervene in state affairs to protect their
rights. It also overturned the ___________________ and contradicted the 1857
___________________________.
o The Two Bills:
 Johnson ___________ both. Johnson argued that both the Freedmen’s Bureau bill and
the Civil Rights Act were ____________________ because they were approved by a
________________ that did not include representatives from all the states.
_________________ in Congress had enough votes to _______________ both vetoes
and the bills became _____________. Congress and the ________________ were not
working together, Radical Republicans abandoned the idea of ________________ and
drafted their own Reconstruction plan.
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o The 14 Amendment:
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Fearing the ____________________ might be overturned in court, Congress passed the
14th Amendment in 1866 (enacted in 1868). It granted full citizenship to all born in the
_______________. Most African Americans became full _____________. It also gave
all _________________ to African Americans including life, ___________, and
property. Every citizen was entitled to “equal protection of the laws.”
 If a state prevented any adult male citizen from ______________, then it could lose
representation in Congress. The ______________ also barred former Confederate
leaders from holding office (unless pardoned by Congress). The ___________________
excluded Native Americans. Southern states had to ______________ the amendment to
rejoin the Union. Of the 11 Southern states, only _________________ ratified it. It did
not take effect until 1868.
Republican Victory:
 Congressional elections of 1866. President __________________ campaigned against
Radical Republicans. Many _____________ objected to the nasty tone of Johnson’s
campaign. The also feared clashes between whites and ___________________. The
Republicans won a solid victory, and took Reconstruction into their own hands.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867:
 ________________ had no power (overrides). Congress passed the First Reconstruction
Act and the Second Reconstruction Act. The 10 Southern _____________ that didn’t
_______________ the 14th Amendment had new governments created. The 10 states
were divided into 5 ___________________, each run by a military commander. African
American men were guaranteed the right to ___________. It also banned former
Confederate leaders from holding _____________________. To rejoin the Union, the
states had to ratify the 14th Amendment and submit new state constitutions to Congress
for __________________. Military commanders prepared state constitutional
convention.
Readmitting the States:
 Many white Southerners refused to _____________. 1000s of newly registered
________________ voters voted. Republicans gained control of Southern state
____________________. By 1868: 7 states were _________________ (Alabama,
Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina).
 By 1870: Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas were ______________ to the Union.
President Johnson:
 Johnson opposed Radical Reconstruction. Johnson used his power of
___________________________ of the army to direct the military governors. Congress
passed laws to limit the president’s power such as the
_________________________________. This act ________________ the president
from removing government officials, including members of his own ________________
without a ___________________ approval. Conflict between Johnson and the Radicals
grew more __________________.
Johnson and the Radicals:
 August 1867: Congress was not in ________________. Johnson ________________
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s _______________. Congress met
again and refused to approve the ________________, Johnson removed Stanton from
office. This violated the ___________________________. Johnson also appointed
people the Radical Republicans ______________ to command some of the Southern
military districts.
Impeaching the President:
 Outraged by Johnson’s actions, the _________________________ voted to __________
the president. Formally charged him of wrongdoings. 1868: the case went to the
________________ for a trail that lasted almost 3 months. Both sides made their
_________________. The senators failed to achieve the _______________________
required for conviction (1 vote). As a result, Johnson stayed in office until the end of
1869.
o Election of 1868:
 The Republicans nominated _______________________, the Civil War hero. The
Democrats chose _____________________. Grant won the most of the African
American votes in the South and won the ____________________. This election
showed that ______________ supported the ___________________ approach to
Reconstruction.
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o 15 Amendment:
 1869: Congress passed the ______________________. Prohibited state and federal
__________________ from denying the right to vote to any male citizen because of
“_______________, color, or previous condition of servitude.” African American men
won the right to vote in _______________. Republicans believed the power of the vote
would enable African Americans to protect themselves. This belief was too
_______________.
 Section 3: The South During Reconstruction:
o African Americans in Government:
 African American ________________ played an important role in Reconstruct. They
contributed to Republican ________________ in the South. Some African Americans
were able to win seats as elected ________________. In ___________________,
African Americans held a majority n the lower _____________ of legislature. In other
states, African Americans held important ________________, but never in proportion to
their numbers.
o At the National Level:
 ____________ African Americans served in the House of Representatives (1869-1880).
__________ African Americans served in the _______________ (1869-1880). One was
___________________ - an ordained minister. Revels had recruited African Americans
for the Union army. He also started a _________________ for freed African Americans
in ________________. He also served as chaplain of an African American
_______________ in Mississippi. Revels stayed in Mississippi and was elected to the
U.S. _______________ in 1870.
o Blanche K. Bruce:
 Was the other African American ______________ who was also from
_________________. He was a former escaped ___________________. He taught in a
_____________ for African Americans in ______________. In 1869, he went to
Mississippi, entered politics, and was elected to the U.S. ________________ in 1874.
o Scalawags and Carpetbaggers:
 Some Southern whites backed the _____________________. Former Confederates
called them ____________________ (scoundrel or worthless rascal). Some Northern
whites moved to the ________________ after the war and supported the
_______________________. Critics called these Northerners
______________________. Some were _________________, but many were reformers
who wanted to help the South. Many Southerners accused the Reconstruction
governments of _______________________.
o Resistance to Reconstruction:
 Most Southerners opposed efforts to expand African Americans’ _____________. Most
white landowners refused to rent ____________ to freed people. Store owners refused
them _______________ and employers would not hire them. _____________________,
such as the ________________________, used fear and violence to deny
_______________ to freed men and women. The ___________ wore white
______________ and hoods.
o The KKK:

Klan members killed _____________ of African Americans and their white __________.
They wounded many more and burned African American _____________, schools, and
churches. Many Southerners, especially planters and the ________________ backed the
KKK. They saw _________________ as a defense against Republican rule. 1870 and
1871- Laws were passes to stop the ________________ of the Klan, but most
Southerners refused to testify against those who attacked African Americans and their
white _______________.
o Education:
 During ___________________, African Americans created their own _____________.
The Freedmen’s Bureau also helped spread _________________. 1870s- Reconstruction
governments created __________________________ for both races. Within a few years
about 50% of white children and 40% of African American children in the South were
_______________. Northern missionary societies set up ________________. These
academies grew into African American _________________ and universities.
______________________ in Tennessee and Morehouse College in ________________
are two examples. Only a few states required that schools be ________________, but the
laws were not _______________.
o Farming:
 Some African Americans purchased ___________ with the help of the
______________________. Most were unable to get _____________. The most
common form of farm work for freed people was ________________. A landowner
rented a plot of land to a ________________. The sharecropper would also receive a
crude shack, __________________, and tools (also maybe a mule). In return,
sharecroppers shared a ___________________ of their _____________ with the
landowners. After paying the landowner, ________________ often had little left to sell.
For many, sharecropping was little better than _________________.
 Section 4: Change in the South:
o Grant’s Administration:
 During Grant’s administration, Northerners began losing interest in
_____________________. It was time for the South to solve its own
___________________. Radical leaders began to disappear from _______________.
(Thaddeus Stevens died). Southerners felt they knew how to deal with
_____________________. Southerners ________________ what they called the
“bayonet rule.” The use of ______________________ to support Reconstruction
___________________.
o Republican Revolt:
 1870s: Rumors of __________________ in Grant’s administration and in Reconstruction
________________ spread. Some Republicans split the _____________ over the issue
of corruption. Another broke away over Reconstruction and called themselves
___________________________. They nominated ________________________ to run
against Grant in 1872. _________________ was reelected.
o Amnesty Act:
 Pardoned most former ______________________. Full rights were granted including
____________________. Most were in the Democratic Party. ___________________
soon gained control of state governments in the South. The ______________ helped the
Democrats take power by terrorizing Republican ______________.
o Republican Problems:
 1873: A series of political _____________ came to light. One scandal was with the
____________________. These scandals damaged the ______________ administration
and the Republicans. Grant and the _____________ also endured a serve economic
________________. Started with the _________________________ when a series of
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bad railroad investments forced the powerful banking firm of _________________ and
Company to declare __________________.
Panic of 1873:
 Forced small _____________ to close and the stock market to plummet. 1000s of
businesses shut down. Tens of 1000s of Americans were out of ________________.
Blame for the hard times fell on the __________________. Congressional election
of1874: Democrats gained seats in the _______________ and House of Representatives.
This weakened _________________ commitment to Reconstruction and on protecting
African American ___________________.
Election of 1876:
 The Republicans wanted someone beside ________________. Republicans wanted to
win back _________________________ and unite the party. The Republicans
nominated ________________________, governor of Ohio. Hayes was honest and had
moderate views of ___________________. Democrats nominated
_______________________, governor of New York. ________________ gained fame
by fighting corruption in New York City.
 ________________ looked like the winner (250,000 more votes). ________ states had
disputed results and kept the _______________ in doubt. ________________ had 184
electoral votes. He was _________ vote short of winning. _____________ needed all of
20 of the disputed votes to win. A ________________ was set up to decide and they
voted 8 to 7 to award all 20 votes to _______________.
Compromise of 1877:
 ________________ in Congress threatened to fight the decision. Republicans and
Southern Democrats reportedly met in secret to work out an _________________.
March 2, 1877: Hayes was declared the ______________. The
__________________________ said the new government would give more
___________ to the South and that the Republicans would withdraw all remaining
_____________ from Southern states. The ________________ promised to maintain
African American rights.
A New Policy:
 In his Inaugural Address, _______________ declared that what the South need most
was…The restoration of “wise, ______________, and peaceful local self-government.”
Hayes deiced to let the Southerners handle _____________ issues. The federal
government would no longer attempt to reshape ___________________________.
Reconstruction was ______________.
Democrats in Control:
 Large landowning Democrats took ________________, but also merchants,
_____________, and other business leaders who supported economic _______________.
They called themselves “__________________.” They redeemed the South from
Republican rule. They adopted conservative ____________ (lower taxes and reduced
government spending). They cut services from __________________ (Including public
education). These ______________ dominated Southern politics into the 1990s.
Rise of the New South:
 Southerners looked to develop a strong industrial economy. This “New South” would
have _________________ based on the region’s abundant coal, _____________,
tobacco, cotton, and lumber. Textile and _________________ sprang up across the
South. _______________ grew because there was a cheap and reliable workforce.
__________________________ put in long hours for low wages. The
______________________ was rebuilt and double in 10 years. ____________ remained
the South’s main economic activity.
Rural Economy:
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Supporters of the New South wanted to have the small ___________ raise a variety of
crops rather than _____________, but most went to unprofitable
_____________________. _______________ caused problems for poor farmers. To
repay _______________, farmers grew cash crops. The main cash crop was
_____________. Too much cotton was produced and prices ______________.
o A Divided Society:
 Dreams of justice faded for African Americans when Reconstruction faded. The
______________________ prohibited states from denying the right to vote because of
__________________. Southerners found a way to get around this
______________________. Southerners required a _________________ (many African
Americans and poor whites couldn’t vote) Another approach was to make prospective
______________ take a _________________ (Had to read difficult parts of the
Constitution). _______________________ also kept some whites from voting so some
states passed _________________________. If your father or grandfather voted, it gave
you the right to vote. These ___________ and threat of violence caused African
American voting to decline drastically.
o Jim Crow Laws:
 By 1890s __________________ was a common feature of the ________________. The
South passed _______________________________ that required African Americans and
whites to be separated in almost every public place. 1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson
Segregation was ______________ as long as it was ____________. The facilities were
in no way equal. White __________________ rose including ______________.
o Reconstructions Impact:
 Reconstruction was a success and a _______________. It helped the South
____________ its economy, but most of the South remained ______________________
and poor. African Americans gained greater ________________, created their own
institutions, and shared in government with ______________. Their advancements did
not last. Civil rights leader _________________________ said “The slave went free,
stood a brief moment in the sun: then moved back again toward slavery.”