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outline about echinoderms, birds, and mammals !!!!
Echinoderms, Birds, and Mammals
Chapters: 34, 39, 40
I.
Diversity- Echinodermata ('Spiny-Skin')
A.
Characteristics
1.
undergo metamorphosis from free- swimming larva to bottom dwelling adult.
five radii(pentaradial symmetry)
2.
endoskeleton, calcium plates, include protruding spines
3.
water- vascular system (water- filled canals)
4.
tube feet, aid in movement, feeding, respiration, and excretion
5.
no circulatory, respiratory or excretory systems
6.
nervous system, but no head or brain
7.
two sexes, reproduce sexually or asexually
B.
Evolution and Classification
1.
500 million years ago in Cambrian period
2.
6,000 species into five classes
a.
Crinoidea ('Lily- Like')
(1)
sessile, long stalk attached to sea bottom or rock
(2)
mouth doesn't face sea bottom
(3)
five arms divide into more arms, up to 200 in some feather- star species
(4)
sticky tube feet, at end of each arm, capture food and respire
b.
Asteroidea ('Star- Like')
(1)
sea stars, starfish
(2)
prey on oysters, clams, other organisms used as food for humans
c.
Ophiuroidea ('Snake- Like')
(1)
basket stars and brittle stars
(2)
largest echinoderm Class
(3)
long narrow arms, move quickly
(4)
feed by raking in food with arms, tube feet, trapping food with tube feet or mucus
between spines
d.
Echinoidea ('Hedgehog- like')
(1)
endoskeleton called test
(2)
grind food with jaw- like Aristotle's Lantern
(3)
tube feet for motion, teeth- like structures for feeding
(4)
venom for protection
e.
Holothuroidea
(1)
armless sea cucumbers
(2)
soft body, tube feet on aboral side, tentacles (modified tube feet) surround mouth
and sweep in food
(3)
when threatened, eject internal organs through anus (evisceration), later
regenerate lost parts
II.
Structure and Function (Sea Star)
A.
Body plan
1.
mouth located on underside of body (oral surface)
2.
top of body called aboral surface
3.
has endoskeleton (within body)
4.
ossicle - protective spines on aboral surface, form from calcium plates
5.
pedicellariae - surround spines protect and clean surface of body
B.
Water- Vascular System
1.
used for movement, network of canals, muscle contractions create hydrostatic
pressure which permits movement
2.
water enters sieve plate, passes through madreporite and down the stone canal, to
ring canal and into radial canals, to tube feet, to ampulla
3.
allows star fish to climb slippery rocks or catch prey
C.
Feeding and Digestion
1.
tube feet to obtain food, usually mollusk, worms, and other slow moving animals
2.
attaches tube feet to each side of clam shell, and pulls until shell opens
3.
turns stomach inside out and inserts stomach into clam
4.
enzymes digest clam while still in shell
5.
star fish withdraws stomach and digestion is completed
D.
Other Body Systems
1.
no circulatory, excretory or respiratory systems
2.
fluid in coelom bathes organs and provide oxygen
3.
gas exchange and excretion from tube feet and skin gills
4.
no head or brain, nerve ring surrounds mouth and branches off into Nerve cords
that extend into each arm
5.
each arm has eyespot that responds to light and tentacle that responds to touch,
also tube feet respond to touch
E.
Reproduction
1.
each arm has two gonads, produce eggs in females and sperm in males
2.
fertilization is external, female produces 200 million eggs in one Season
3.
each fertilized egg develops into a free swimming larva (bipinnaria)
4.
after two years larva settles and metamorphosis begins, develops into adult
5.
can also produce asexually by regenerating lost parts, new sea star may develop
from segment of arm as long as some of central disk is still attached 34.1
I.
Evolution and Classification- vertebrates of the Class Aves
A.
Origin and Early Evolution
1.
birds evolved from reptiles
2.
Archaeopteryx ('ancient wing'), fossils date back to Jurassic period (150 million
years ago)
a.
evolutionary link between reptiles and birds
b.
possesses characteristics of both reptiles and birds
B.
Classification
1.
about 9,000 species of into 27 orders
2.
to classify taxonomists used morphological evidence from beaks, feet, plumage,
bone structure, and musculature
II.
Characteristics of Birds- body covered with feathers, bones are thin and hollow,
their forelimbs function as wings, hind limbs with clawed toes support body, toothless
beak present, body temp. regulated internally, 4 chambered heart, eggs (hard, calcium
case) incubated in a nest
A.
External Characteristics
1.
Feathers
a.
feathers are modified scales that serve as two primary functions:
(1)
providing lift for flight
(2)
conserving body heat
b.
down feathers cover the body of nesting birds and provide insulation for adults
c.
contour feathers give adult birds streamlined shape and provide coloration and
more insulation
d.
follicles - tiny pits in skin where feathers develop from
e.
each vane has many branches called barbs
f.
preening- birds use their beaks to rub their feathers with oil secreted by a preen
gland, located at the base of the tail.
2.
Beaks and Feet
a.
hawks and eagles have powerful beaks and clawed talons to capture and rip prey
b.
swifts have tiny beaks that open wide to snare insects in midair
B.
Internal Characteristics- natural selection has favored a lightweight body, yet the
birds powerful wing muscles give it unusual strength
1.
Skeleton and Muscles
a.
avian skeleton combines strength and lightness with thin and hollow bones
b.
furculum (wish- bone) and the sternum (supports breast muscles), unique features
of the avian skeleton
c.
humerus, ulna, radius, pectoral girdle and the sternum, support the wing
d.
flight involves a series of complex wing movements, each using a different set of
muscles
2.
Endothermy
a.
birds are endothermic - they generate and regulate body heat, temperature of a
bird ranges from 40 C-42 C
b.
with endothermy a bird can inhabit both hot and cold climates
3.
Digestive and Excretory Systems
a.
food passes from the mouth cavity straight to the esophagus, the crop stores and
moistens food, in the first chamber of the two-part stomach, the proventriculus, gastric
fluids begin to break down the food, food then passes the gizzard, which kneads and
crushes the food
b.
excretory system is efficient and lightweight
4.
Respiratory System
a.
birds require a large amount of oxygen, because of high metabolic rates
b.
air enters through paired nostrils near the base of the beak, passes down the
trachea past the syrinx and enters the two primary bronchi, moves to lungs
5.
Circulatory System
a.
birds have a four chambered heart
b.
very rapid heartbeat (hummingbird 600 bpm, Chickadee 1,000 bpm)
6.
Nervous System
a.
birds have large brains, relative to their size
b.
the cerebellum coordinates movement and controls complex behavior problems
(navigation, mating, nest building, and care of young)
c.
good color vision
d.
poorly developed sense of smell
e.
sense of taste helps the birds avoid bitter-tasting or toxic food
7.
Reproductive System
a.
sperm passes through small tubes called vasa deferentia into the male's cloaca
b.
during mating, the male presses his cloaca to the female's and releases sperm
c.
unfertilized egg contains nucleus, cytoplasm, and a yolk
d.
when fertilized, the embryo is suspended in albumen (egg white)
e.
the liquid medium supported chalaza that are attached to the shell membrane
III.
Development and Behavior
A.
Incubation
1.
either one or both parents will incubate the eggs by sitting on them and covering
them with a thickened, featherless patch of skin on the abdomen (brood patch)
2.
embryo development begins when the zygote forms a plate of cells on the surface
of the yolk
3.
when hatching begins, fully developed embryo makes a star-shaped crack in the
shell with the egg tooth on bill
4.
birds that lay many eggs and incubate them for a long time hatch precocial young
5.
birds that lay few eggs that hatch quickly produce altricial young
B.
Behavior
1.
Territoriality and Courtship
a.
territoriality- male birds establish an area that they defend against other males of
their species
b.
once a territory is established, birds engage in a period of courtship, designed to
attract a mate
2.
Nest Building
a.
birds construct their nests of almost any material available (twigs, mud, grasses)
3.
Migration
a.
ornithologists, people who study birds, know that birds rely on a variety of cues
to help them navigate.
b.
magnetic, changes in air pressure, low- frequency sounds 39.1
I.
Evolution and Characteristics
A.
Origin
1.
evolved from therapsids.
2.
fossils found from Mesozoic era.
B.
Evolution
1.
avoided dinosaurs by being nocturnal
2.
didn't compete with dinosaurs for food by eating insects
3.
became dominant in Pateocene epoch
4.
Cenozoic era known a Age of Mammals
C.
Characteristics
1.
endothermic
2.
hair
3.
four chambered heart
4.
diaphragm that aids in breathing
5.
single lower jawbone, 4 types teeth-incisors-bite and cut canines-grip, puncture,
tear bicuspids-two point molars-grind and crush.
6.
viviparous-young inside the females uterus during development and then give
birth to live young
7.
females secret milk through mammary glands to feed newborn young
8.
highly developed brain
D.
Classification
1.
Differences from other vertebrates
a.
hair
b.
produce milk to feed young
2.
19 orders of modern mammals in class Mammalia
a.
17 are placental, nourish unborn young via the placenta
b.
2 remaining are egg laying and pouched mammals
II.
Monotreme and Marsupials
A.
Monotremata
1.
Similarities to reptiles
a.
oviparious
b.
not completely endothermic
c.
body temp. lowered and fluctuates more than other mammals
d.
everything from large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs empty
into cloaca
B.
Marsupialia
1.
give birth to tiny young that live in pouch of the female
2.
dominant in Australia
a.
when Australia broke off from the larger landmass no placental mammals
inhabited the continent
b.
on other continent the placental mammals out competed the marsupials and they
became instinct.
III.
Placental Mammals
A.
Characteristics
1.
carry young in uterus until born, nourished by placenta, an organ formed from the
chorion and allantois
2.
period of time when developing in uterus is called gestation period
B.
Classification
1.
Insectivora- 400 species
a.
long pointed noses
b.
teeth adapted to picking up and piercing their prey
c.
adapted to life on ground, trees, water, and underground.
2.
Rodentia- 2400 species
a.
largest mammalian order
b.
2 incisors in each jaw, adapted for harsh food
3.
Lagomorpha- 70 species
a.
double row of upper incisors
b.
herbivores
4.
Edentata- 30 species
a.
ant eaters no teeth, rest some teeth
b.
insectivorous diet
c.
long sticky tongue, long clawed front paws
5.
Chriroptera- 900 species
a.
only true flyers
b.
live world wide except polar environments
c.
nocturnal
d.
echolocation to find food and to navigate, emit high- frequency sound waves
e.
feed on insects, fruit and flower nectar
6.
Cetacea- 90 species
a.
breathe through a blowhole
b.
two groups of whales
(1)
toothed whales
(2)
baleen whales
7.
Sirenia- 4 species
a.
manatees and dugongs
b.
herbivores
8.
Carnivora- 250 species
a.
most are carnivores hence the order name
b.
bears and other members are omnivorous
9.
Pinnipedia- 34 species
a.
water dwelling carnivores
b.
adapted for efficient swimming
10.
Artiodactyla and Perssodactyla- 165 species
a.
ungulates (hoofed mammals), with even number of toes belong to Artiodactyla,
odd number of toes make up Perissodactyla
b.
both orders are herbivores
11.
Proboscidea- 2 species
a.
boneless trunked nose or proboscis
b.
largest land dwellers today
12.
Primates- 200 species
a.
most are omnivorous, and have teeth designed for a varied diet
b.
complex brain
Keywords:
outline about echinoderms birds mammals echinoderms birds mammals chapters
diversity echinodermata spiny skin characteristics undergo metamorphosis from free
swimming larva bottom dwelling adult five radii pentaradial symmetry endoskeleton
calcium plates include protruding spines water vascular system water filled canals tube
feet movement feeding respiration excretion circulatory respiratory excretory systems
nervous system head brain sexes reproduce sexually asexually evolution classification
million years cambrian period species into five classes crinoidea lily like sessile long
stalk attached bottom rock mouth doesn face bottom five arms divide into more arms
some feather star species sticky tube feet each capture food respire asteroidea star like
stars starfish prey oysters clams other organisms used food humans ophiuroidea snake
like basket stars brittle stars largest echinoderm class long narrow arms move quickly
feed raking food with tube feet trapping with mucus between spines echinoidea hedgehog
endoskeleton called test grind with aristotle lantern motion teeth structures feeding
venom protection holothuroidea armless cucumbers soft body aboral side tentacles
modified surround mouth sweep when threatened eject internal organs through anus
evisceration later regenerate lost parts structure function star body plan mouth located
underside body oral surface called aboral surface endoskeleton within ossicle protective
spines aboral surface form from calcium plates pedicellariae surround protect clean water
vascular system used movement network canals muscle contractions create hydrostatic
pressure which permits movement enters sieve plate passes through madreporite down
stone canal ring canal into radial canals ampulla allows fish climb slippery rocks catch
prey feeding digestion obtain usually mollusk worms other slow moving animals attaches
each side clam shell pulls until shell opens turns stomach inside inserts stomach clam
enzymes digest clam while still shell fish withdraws stomach digestion completed other
systems circulatory excretory respiratory systems fluid coelom bathes organs provide
oxygen exchange excretion from skin gills head brain nerve ring surrounds branches
nerve cords that extend each eyespot that responds light tentacle that responds touch also
respond touch reproduction gonads produce eggs females sperm males fertilization
external female produces million eggs season fertilized develops free swimming larva
bipinnaria after years larva settles metamorphosis begins develops adult also produce
asexually regenerating lost parts develop segment long some central disk still attached
evolution classification vertebrates class aves origin early evolution birds evolved reptiles
archaeopteryx ancient wing fossils date back jurassic period million years evolutionary
link between reptiles possesses characteristics both reptiles classification about species
orders classify taxonomists used morphological evidence beaks plumage bone structure
musculature characteristics covered feathers bones thin hollow their forelimbs function
wings hind limbs clawed toes support toothless beak present temp regulated internally
chambered heart eggs hard calcium case incubated nest external feathers feathers
modified scales serve primary functions providing lift flight conserving heat down cover
nesting provide insulation adults contour give adult streamlined shape provide coloration
more insulation follicles tiny pits skin where develop vane many branches called barbs
preening their beaks their secreted preen gland located base tail beaks hawks eagles have
powerful clawed talons capture prey swifts have tiny open wide snare insects midair
internal natural selection favored lightweight powerful wing muscles give unusual
strength skeleton muscles avian skeleton combines strength lightness thin hollow bones
furculum wish bone sternum supports breast muscles unique features avian skeleton
humerus ulna radius pectoral girdle sternum support wing flight involves series complex
movements using different endothermy endothermic they generate regulate heat
temperature bird ranges endothermy bird inhabit both cold climates digestive excretory
passes cavity straight esophagus crop stores moistens first chamber part proventriculus
gastric fluids begin break down then passes gizzard which kneads crushes efficient
lightweight respiratory require large amount oxygen because high metabolic rates enters
through paired nostrils near base beak trachea past syrinx enters primary bronchi moves
lungs circulatory have four chambered heart very rapid heartbeat hummingbird chickadee
nervous large brains relative size cerebellum coordinates controls complex behavior
problems navigation mating nest building care young good color vision poorly developed
sense smell sense taste helps avoid bitter tasting toxic reproductive sperm small tubes
vasa deferentia male cloaca during mating male presses cloaca female releases sperm
unfertilized contains nucleus cytoplasm yolk when fertilized embryo suspended albumen
white liquid medium supported chalaza attached membrane development behavior
incubation either both parents will incubate sitting them covering them thickened
featherless patch abdomen brood patch embryo development begins when zygote forms
plate cells yolk hatching begins fully developed embryo makes shaped crack tooth bill
many incubate them time hatch precocial young hatch quickly produce altricial young
behavior territoriality courtship territoriality male establish area they defend against
males once territory established engage period courtship designed attract mate nest
building construct nests almost material available twigs grasses migration ornithologists
people study know rely variety cues help navigate magnetic changes pressure frequency
sounds origin evolved therapsids fossils found mesozoic avoided dinosaurs being
nocturnal didn compete dinosaurs eating insects became dominant pateocene epoch
cenozoic known mammals endothermic hair four chambered heart diaphragm aids
breathing single lower jawbone types teeth incisors bite canines grip puncture tear
bicuspids point molars grind crush viviparous inside females uterus during development
then give birth live females secret milk mammary glands feed newborn highly developed
brain differences vertebrates hair milk feed orders modern class mammalia placental
nourish unborn placenta remaining laying pouched monotreme marsupials monotremata
similarities oviparious completely endothermic temp lowered fluctuates more than
everything large intestine urinary bladder reproductive organs empty cloaca marsupialia
birth tiny live pouch female dominant australia australia broke larger landmass placental
inhabited continent continent placental competed marsupials they became instinct carry
uterus until born nourished placenta organ formed chorion allantois time developing
uterus gestation insectivora pointed noses teeth adapted picking piercing adapted life
ground trees underground rodentia largest mammalian order incisors adapted harsh
lagomorpha double upper incisors herbivores edentata eaters rest some insectivorous diet
sticky tongue clawed front paws chriroptera only true flyers live world wide except polar
environments nocturnal echolocation find navigate emit high frequency sound waves
insects fruit flower nectar cetacea breathe blowhole groups whales toothed whales baleen
whales sirenia manatees dugongs herbivores carnivora most carnivores hence order name
bears members omnivorous pinnipedia dwelling carnivores efficient swimming
artiodactyla perssodactyla ungulates hoofed even number toes belong artiodactyla
number toes make perissodactyla orders herbivores proboscidea boneless trunked nose
proboscis largest land dwellers today primates most omnivorous designed varied diet
complex
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