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1 Chp 8 Title: India – State Society and the Quest for Salvation Terms/Questions Magadha Kingdom Section Title: The Mauryan Dynasty and the Temporary Unification of India 1. Intrusions of Cyrus (520 B.C.E.) and Alexander (327 B.C.E.) 2. A political vacuum left by Alexander's withdrawal 3. Magadha kingdom filled the vacuum Chandragupta Maurya 4. The founder of the Mauryan empire 5. Overthrew the Magadha kingdom in 321 B.C.E. 6. Conquered the Greek state in Bactria 7. Chandragupta's empire embraced all of northern India Chandragupta's government 8. Government procedures devised by Kautalya, the advisor of the empire 9. The political handbook, Arthashastra, outlined administrative methods Ashoka Maurya 10. (reigned 268-232 B.C.E.) a. Chandragupta's grandson, the high point of the Mauryan empire b. Conquered the kingdom of Kalinga, 260 B.C.E. c. Ruled through tightly organized bureaucracy d. Established capital at Pataliputra e. Policies of encouraging agriculture and trade Decline of the Mauryan Empire 11, Ashoka died in 232 B.C.E. 12. Suffered from acute financial and economic difficulties a. High cost for maintaining army and bureaucrats b. Debasing the currency, not a effective resolution 13. The empire collapsed by 185 B.C.E. SUMMARY SENTENCE: 2 Chp 8 Title: India – State Society and the Quest for Salvation Terms/Questions Gupta Dynasty Section Title: Revival of Empire under the Guptas 1. After the Mauryan empire, India was controlled by regional kingdoms 2. The Gupta state rose to power in Magadha 3. Chandra Gupta (not related to Chandragupta) founded the new dynasty 4. Gupta dynasty was relatively decentralized Gupta decline 5. Invasion of White Huns weakened the empire 6. After the 5th century C.E., Gupta dynasty continued in name only 7. Large regional kingdoms dominated political life in India SUMMARY SENTENCE: Terms/Questions Towns and manufacturing Section Title: Towns and Trade 1. Towns dotted the India countryside after 600 B.C.E. 2. Towns provided manufactured products and luxury goods 3. Large scale business: the example of Saddalaputta Long-distance trade 4. Invasions by Persian empires helped to build extensive trade networks 5. Trade with China through the silk roads of central Asia Trade in the Indian Ocean 6. Trade in the Indian Ocean basin boomed 7. Trade with Indonesia, southeast Asia, Mediterranean basin SUMMARY SENTENCE: Terms/Questions Social & gender relations Section Title: Family Life and the Caste System 1. Strong patriarchal families 2. Subordination of women to men as seen in literary works 3. Child marriage placed women under control of old men 3 Chp 8 Title: India – State Society and the Quest for Salvation Terms/Questions Castes and Guilds Section Title: Family Life and the Caste System Continued 4. Development of caste system a. New social groups of artisans, craftsmen, and merchants appeared b. Individuals of same trade or craft formed a guild c. Functions of guilds: social security and welfare systems d. Guilds functioned as subcastes, or jati Wealth and social order 5. Trade and industry brought prosperity to many vaishyas and shudras 6. Old beliefs and values of early Aryan society became increasingly irrelevant SUMMARY SENTENCE: Terms/Questions Vardhamana Mahavira Section Title: Jainism and the Challenge to the Established Cultural Order 1. Born in north India, 540 B.C.E. 2. Left family, searching for salvation from cycle of incarnation 3. Gained enlightenment, taught an ascetic doctrine 4. His disciples began to lead a monastic life 5. Mahavira became Jina, the "conqueror," and followers, Jains Jainist doctrine and ethics 6. Inspired by the Upanishads 7. Everything in the universe possessed a soul 8. Striving to purify one's selfish behavior to attain a state of bliss 9. The principle of ahimsa, nonviolence toward all living things 10. Believed that almost all occupations entailed violence of some kind 11. Too demanding, not a practical alternative to the cult of the brahmins Appeal of Jainism 12. Social implication: Individual souls equally participated in ultimate reality 13. The Jains did not recognize social hierarchies of caste and jati 14. Became attractive to members of lower castes 15. The ascetic tradition continues to today SUMMARY SENTENCE: 4 Chp 8 Title: India – State Society and the Quest for Salvation Terms/Questions Siddhartha Gautama Section Title: Early Buddhism 1. (563-483 B.C.E.) a. Born in 563 B.C.E. in a small tribal state governed by his father b. Witnessed miseries of the human condition Gautama’s Search for Enlightenment c. Gave up his comfortable life and began searching for enlightenment d. Intense meditation and extreme asceticism e. Received enlightenment under the bo tree and became Buddha Buddha and his followers 2. "Turning of the Wheel of the Law," 528 B.C.E. 3. Organized followers into a community of monks 4. Traveled throughout north India, bringing enlightenment to others Buddhist doctrine: The dharma 5. The Four Noble Truths a. All life involves suffering b. Desire is the cause of suffering c. Elimination of desire brings an end to suffering d. The Noble Eightfold Path brings the elimination of desire 6. The Noble Eightfold path: Right belief, right resolve, right speech, right behavior, right occupation, right effort, right contemplation, and right meditation 7. Religious goal: personal salvation, or nirvana, a state of perfect spiritual independence Appeal of Buddhism 8. Appealed strongly to members of lower castes a. Salvation without services of the brahmins b. Did not recognize social hierarchies of castes and jati 9. Less demanding than Jainism, more popular 10. used vernacular tongues, not Sanskrit 11. Holy sites and pilgrims 12. The monastic organizations - extremely efficient at spreading the Buddhist message and winning converts to the faith Ashoka's support 13. Emperor Ashoka became a devout Buddhist, 206 B.C.E. 14. Banned animal sacrifices in honor of ahimsa 15. Granted lands to monasteries 16. Sent missionaries to Bactria and Ceylon SUMMARY SENTENCE: 5 Chp 8 Title: India – State Society and the Quest for Salvation Terms/Questions Section Title: Mahayana Buddhism 1. Early Buddhism made heavy demands on individuals a. Giving up personal property b. Forsaking the search for social standing c. Development of Buddhism Detaching oneself from worldly pleasures 2. Buddha became a god 3. The notion of boddhisatva - "an enlightened being" 4. Monasteries began to accept gifts from wealthy individuals 5. Buddhism became more attractive Spread of Mahayana Buddhism 5. Mahayana - "the greater vehicle" 7. Spread to central and east Asia 8. Buddhist monasteries were also educational institutions Nalanda 9. the best known monastery and school SUMMARY SENTENCE: Terms/Questions Section Title: The Emergence of Popular Hinduism The epics Mahabharata 1. a secular poem revised by brahmin scholars to honor the god Vishnu, the preserver of the world Ramayana 2. a secular story of Rama and Sita was changed into a Hindu story Bhagavad Gita 3. A short poetic work 4. A dialogue between the god Vishnu and a warrior 5. Illustrated expectations of Hinduism and promise of salvation Hindu ethics 6. Lower demands for achieving salvation 7. Individuals should meet their responsibilities in detached fashion 8. Balance of dharma, artha, kama would help an individual to attain moksha Popularity of Hinduism 9. Became more popular than Buddhism 10. The Guptas and their successors helped Hinduism become the dominant religion in India SUMMARY SENTENCE: 6 Chp 8 Title: India – State Society and the Quest for Salvation Questions to answer What were the main characteristics of the Mauryan and Gupta empires? Trace the development of the caste system from the early Aryan period to classical India, explaining how the caste system evolved as both a religious and social institution. How did economic development and social change stimulate the emergence of new religions in classical India? In what sense were Jainism and Buddhism a challenge to the established cultural and social order? 7 Chp 8 Title: India – State Society and the Quest for Salvation Questions to answer Both new religions accepted some and rejected other concepts of the Upanishads' teachings. What elements were accepted and rejected? In the competition between Buddhism and Hinduism, what changes occurred that made both religions popular during the classical period in India? Why did Buddhism eventually lose its popularity to Hinduism?