Download CPUSH (Unit 4, #1)

The Presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, & James Monroe: 1801-1825
Thomas Jefferson: 1801-1809
A. The Election of 1800 was a turning point in U.S. history
1. Also called the “Revolution of 1800” this election was the first time in U.S. history when one political party peacefully transferred
power to another
2. What were the Electoral Results? _________________________________________________________________
3. How was the election decided? __________________________________________________________________
4. What was the result? Thomas Jefferson, a Republican, defeated John Adams, a Federalist
5. How was the Constitution changed as a result of the election of 1800? _______________________________________________
6. In his inaugural address Jefferson said “We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists.” What did he mean by this? ___________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Jefferson’s election signals a decline in Federalist power and shows the growing importance of the South in National politics
B. Simplifying the Presidency
1. Jefferson wanted to reverse Federalist policies by reducing the size and cost of the national government:
* He reduced the size of the army…
* halted a Navy expansion…
* cut costs for government social functions…and
* eliminated taxes on whiskey, slaves, and property…
C. Adams’ “Midnight Judges,” the Rise of John Marshall, & the Marbury v. Madison Case
1. But, the Federalists did not want to see their policies destroyed by Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans
2. In the months before leaving office, President Adams pushed a bill through Congress that increased the number of federal judges
to 16
3. Then, on the night before leaving office, Adams appointed numerous Federalists to become judges in federal courts (the
“Midnight Judges”)
3. Some of the appointments had not been delivered and Jefferson ordered his Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the
judges appointments…One of these potential judges was William Marbury who sued Madison when he was deprived of his job
as a judge
4. Marbury v. Madison (1803) was one of the most important Supreme Court cases in U.S. history
a. The Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional
b. This case established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress
unconstitutional
D. Hamilton and Burr Duel
1. Hamilton had caused Burr to lose two key elections; 1) in 1800 for the Presidency against Jefferson and 2) in 1804 for the
Governorship of New York
2. Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel
3. Hamilton fires into the air and Burr shoots and kills Hamilton
D. The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
1. During Jefferson’s presidency, the U.S. population was growing and people were moving west... Jefferson was worried about
French control of New Orleans.
2. Jefferson sent a delegation to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and western Florida…Napoleon wanted to sell
the entire Louisiana Territory.
3. Jefferson was not sure if he could/should buy the entire territory because he believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution
and did not think the Constitution gave the President the power to buy the land without Congress’ approval.
4. Jefferson decided to buy the land and in 1803, Congress approved the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from the French for
$15 million, more than doubling the size of the USA.
E. Lewis and Clark
1. No one knew what resources existed in the Louisiana territory, so in 1803 Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to
explore the territory
2. A Native American woman, Sacajawea served as their interpreter and guide.
F. Jefferson’s Second Term (1805-1809)
1. Jefferson was popular and easily won the election of 1804…But, Jefferson’s second term was plagued by foreign policy problems
a. The war between England and France led to more attacks on U.S. ships… The British navy impressed more than 1,000
American merchant sailors per year from 1803 to 1807
b. When three American sailors were killed on the Chesapeake by the British many Americans were angered
2. Embargo of 1807: Frustrated with his inability to get England and France to stop attacking American ships Jefferson orders an
embargo (ban on exporting products) on all U.S. trade with England and France
a. The embargo hurt American businesses and trade, merchants smuggled goods to continue trading with Europe, and the ban
was lifted in 1809
James Madison: 1809-1817
A. Jefferson’s hand-picked successor, James Madison, won the presidency in 1808 & 1812
1. Madison was well-qualified: He was the architect of the Constitution, served in Congress, and served as Jefferson’s Secretary of
State
2. As president, Madison continued the dominance of the Republican Party and tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited
national government
B. The War of 1812
1. But, the war between England and France continued to cause America problems:
a. The British navy continued to “impress” American sailors
b. Many Congressmen, called “war hawks” demanded war with Britain
c. Another issue that inflamed the war hawks was the presence of Native Americans in the Indiana Territory
d. In 1809 General William Henry Harrison convinced several chiefs to sign over 3 million acres to the US Government
e. Shawnee Chief Tecumseh began organizing resistance. His brother attacked, and was defeated by, US forces led by Harrison
at the Battle of Tippecanoe
What is Tecumseh requesting?
What are the Native Americans prepared to do?
Based on this quote “Sell a country?! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all
for the use of his children?” how does Tecumseh view Native American tribes?
What is Tecumseh trying to accomplish?
f. War Haws wanted war even more when they learned the British had been supplying guns to the Native Americans
g. In 1812, Madison, believing Britain was trying to cripple the American economy and stifle trade, asked Congress for a
declaration of war against England
h. Many Americans claimed the War of 1812 was a “Second American Revolution”
What are two causes of the War of 1812?
1. _______________________________
2. __________________________________
2. The war goes poorly… The U.S. had a weak navy and poorly trained army when the war began…
a. The British attacked and burned the White House and Capital in the new capital, Washington, D.C.
b. When the British laid siege to Fort McHenry, American Francis Scott Key wrote the “The Star Spangled Banner”
c. Though Britain was winning, they were also fighting France and wanted to quickly end the War of 1812
4. In 1814, Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war
5. Before news arrived, the Americans beat the British at the Battle of New Orleans
a. General Andrew Jackson emerged as a war hero
b. The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war
C. The Treaty of Ghent (1814)
1. Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but it did not address impressment or shipping rights
2. Effects of the War of 1812:
a. Americans were united in a sense of patriotism, believing that they had defeated the British
b. America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president and a booming national economy
Effects of the War of 1812
► Revival of American nationalism- leads to the “Era of Good Feelings”
► Shows the need for a strong army
► End of the Federalist party
► Weakens Native American resistance – new states (IL, AL, IN, MS)
► Paved way for American take- over of Florida
The Industrial Revolution
A. During the 19th Century (1800’s) production of goods changed dramatically.
1. Instead of one worker putting together an entire item from start to finish goods were now made with interchangeable parts
and were mass produced in factories instead of being made in people’s homes.
2. This change in production is called the Industrial Revolution.
B. Industrial Revolution in the United States
1. After the American Revolution the primary source of income in America was international trade.
2. Jefferson’s Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 hurt American shipping so badly that investor were looking for other
alternatives. Manufacturing became that alternative.
TWO Agricultural Systems Develop
A. The North
1. In the Northwest farmers grew crops such as corn and grain that did not require much labor.
2. In the Northeast individuals farmed on small plots of land.
3. By 1804 almost all states in the north had outlawed slavery.
B. The South
1. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin – a machine used to clean the seeds from cotton – allowed cotton producers to produce more cotton.
2. Slave labor provided the large labor force that plantations needed.
3. As demand for cotton increased so did the demand for slaves.
James Monroe: 1817-1825
A. James Monroe was overwhelmingly elected president in 1816 and 1820
1. Monroe’s presidency began during an era of increased nationalism after the War of 1812 known as the “Era of Good Feelings”
(1815-1825)
2. Monroe’s goals as president were to promote national unity and America’s place in the world
B. Monroe promoted nationalism & American unity in three ways:
1. Government: Increase the power of the national government over the states
a. John Marshall (1801-1835) used the power of the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national government
2. Economy: Encourage industry and transportation to link the South, North, and West
a. In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay proposed the American System to unify the economies of the North, South, & West
i. Create a Second Bank of the US of the U.S.
ii. Create a tariff to promote U.S. industry and limit British manufactured goods
iii. Improve transportation with roads and canals
b. The American System allowed the USA to create a national market economy for the first time
i. Southern cotton was used in northern textiles factories
ii. Northern industries made manufactured goods that were sold throughout the country
iii. Western farms grew grains and raised livestock that fed the nation
3. Foreign Policy: Use foreign policy to expand America’s borders and improve America’s role in world affairs
a. After the War of 1812, Americans flooded into the West; By 1840 over 1/3 of the population lived in the West; This
economic and territorial growth created a need to settle America’s national borders
i. The Convention of 1818, Monroe & British leaders agreed to establish the US/Canadian border at the 49º parallel
ii. In 1819 the USA gained Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onis Treaty
iii. Rush-Bagot Treaty reduced the number of military vessels on the Great Lakes
c. When Latin American nations gained independence, the USA wanted to support the new republics and keep European
nations from colonizing Latin America
d. In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine warned European nations that the USA would protect the Western Hemisphere and that the
U.S. would not interfere in Europe
C. Era of Good Feelings was a time of nationalism, but there were growing problems between North and South (called Sectionalism)
1. Northerners & Southerners disagreed over slavery, taxes, and the role of government
2. These disagreements dominated politics from 1820 to 1860
3. Missouri Compromise (also known as the Compromise of 1820)
a. When Missouri applied to become a U.S. state, sectionalism emerged
i. Northerners did not want Southern states to increase power in the national government
ii. If Missouri entered as a slave state, the South would have 2 more Senators than the North
b. In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)
i. Missouri became a slave state…Maine broke from Massachusetts & became a free state
ii. Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the latitude of 36 degrees
The Presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, & James Monroe: 1801-1825
_______________________________: 1801-1809
A. The Election of 1800 was a turning point in U.S. history
1. Also called the “____________________of 1800” this election was the first time in U.S. history when one political party
______________________________________________________ to another
2. What were the Electoral Results? _________________________________________________________________
3. How was the election decided? __________________________________________________________________
4. What was the result? _______________________, a Republican, _________________ John ________________, a Federalist
5. How was the Constitution changed as a result of the election of 1800? _______________________________________________
6. In his inaugural address Jefferson said “We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists.” What did he mean by this? ___________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Jefferson’s election signals a __________________________________________________ and shows the growing importance of
the __________________ in National ______________________
What proof from the image demonstrates Jefferson’s vision for America?
B. Simplifying the Presidency
1. Jefferson wanted to __________________ Federalist policies by reducing the ______________ and ___________ of the national
___________________________:
* He reduced the size of the __________________…
* halted a ____________________ expansion…
* cut costs for ____________________________ social functions…and
* eliminated _____________________ on whiskey, slaves, and property…
C. Adams’ “__________________________________,” the Rise of John Marshall, & the Marbury v. Madison Case
1. But, the _______________________________ did not want to see their ______________________________________________
and the Democratic-Republicans
2. In the months before leaving office, President _______________ pushed a bill through Congress that increased the number of
federal _____________________ to 16
3. Then, on the ___________________________________________________, Adams appointed numerous __________________
to become ______________________ in federal courts (the “_______________________________”)
4. Some of the appointments had ___________________________________ and Jefferson ordered his Secretary of State James
Madison ________________________________________ the judges appointments…One of these potential judges was
William ___________________________ who sued Madison when he was deprived of his job as a judge
5. __________________________________________ (1803) was one of the most important Supreme Court cases in U.S. history
a. The Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional
b. This case established the principle of _______________________________, giving the Supreme Court the _______________
_________________________ acts of Congress ___________________________________
D. Hamilton and Burr Duel
1. ________________________ had caused _________________ to lose two key elections; 1) in 1800 for the Presidency against
Jefferson and 2) in 1804 for the Governorship of New York
2. ______________ challenges ________________ to a duel
3. Hamilton fires ____________________ and Burr shoots and __________________ Hamilton
E. The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
1. During Jefferson’s presidency, the U.S. population was _____________________ and people were moving _____________...
Jefferson was worried about __________________ control of New Orleans.
2. Jefferson sent a delegation to France to negotiate the purchase of ___________________________ and western
Florida…Napoleon wanted to sell the entire _____________________________.
3. Jefferson was _________________ if he could/should buy the entire territory because he believed in a __________ interpretation
of the Constitution and did not think the Constitution gave the ______________________________ to buy the land __________
____________________________________.
4. Jefferson decided to _______________________ and in 1803, Congress approved the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from
the French for $______ million, more than _______________________ the size of the USA.
F. Lewis and Clark
1. No one knew what ___________________ existed in the Louisiana territory, so in 1803 Jefferson sent Meriwether ____________
and William __________________ to explore the territory
2. A Native American woman, ___________________ served as their _____________________ and ____________.
G. Jefferson’s Second Term (1805-1809)
1. Jefferson was popular and easily won the election of 1804…But, Jefferson’s second term was plagued by ____________________
a. The war between England and France led to more _______________________________… The British navy _______________
more than 1,000 American merchant _______________________ per year from 1803 to 1807
b. When _______ American sailors were __________________ on the Chesapeake by the British many Americans were angered
2. Embargo of 1807: Frustrated with his inability to get England and France to stop attacking American ships Jefferson orders an
____________________ (_________ on exporting products) on all U.S. trade with England and France
a. The embargo ______________ American businesses and trade, merchants smuggled goods to continue trading with Europe,
and the _______________________________ in 1809
________________________: 1809-1817
A. Jefferson’s hand-picked successor, James Madison, won the presidency in 1808 & 1812
1. Madison was well-qualified: He was the architect of the ________________________ served in Congress, and served as
Jefferson’s Secretary of ____________________
2. As president, Madison continued the dominance of the ___________________ Party and tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of
___________________ national government
B. The War of 1812
1. But, the war between __________________ and __________________continued to cause America ______________________:
a. The British navy continued to “____________________” American _________________
b. Many Congressmen, called “________________________” demanded war with Britain
c. Another issue that inflamed the war hawks was the presence of Native Americans in the _____________________ Territory
d. In 1809 General William Henry __________________________ convinced several chiefs to sign over ___________________
acres to the US Government
e. Shawnee Chief _____________________ began organizing resistance. His brother attacked, and was defeated by, US forces
led by Harrison at the Battle of _________________________________
What is Tecumseh requesting?
What are the Native Americans prepared to do?
Based on this quote “Sell a country?! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all
for the use of his children?” how does Tecumseh view Native American tribes?
What is Tecumseh trying to accomplish?
f. War Haws wanted war even more when they learned the ________________ had been supplying ____________________ to
the _________________________________
g. In 1812, Madison, believing Britain was trying to cripple the American _________________________ and stifle
______________________, asked Congress for a declaration of _______________________ against England
d. Many Americans claimed the War of 1812 was a “___________________________________________________________”
What are two causes of the War of 1812?
1. _______________________________
2. __________________________________
2. The U.S. had a weak ____________________ and poorly trained ___________________ when the war began…Meanwhile,
Britain had been fighting France for a ______________________ (10 years)
3. The war went _______________________ in the early years
a. The British attacked and burned the _____________________ and _________________________ in the new capital,
Washington, D.C.
What famous “saving” happened when the British attacked Washington?
b. When the British laid siege to Fort McHenry, American _____________________________ wrote the “________________
___________________________________”
What are the answers to the three questions Key asks in the first verse?
1. __________________________
2. _______________________
3. ___________________________
c. Though Britain was _________________________, they were also fighting France and wanted to quickly
___________________________ of 1812
4. In 1814, Britain and the United States signed the ___________________________________ ending the war
5. Before news arrived, the _________________________ beat the ________________________ at the Battle of New Orleans
a. General ____________________________ emerged as a _____________________
b. The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they __________________________________
Name TWO things Jackson did that helped the Americans win in New Orleans? 1. _________________________________________
2. _________________________________
Answer each question as you listen to the story.
Why is the War of 1812 important to Canadians?
Who won the war?
Who did not win in the war?
What did Laura Secord do?
C. The Treaty of Ghent (1814)
1. Treaty of Ghent _________________________________, but it did not address ______________________________ or
__________________________________________
2. Effects of the War of 1812:
a. Americans were _____________________________ in a sense of patriotism, believing that they had ___________________
____________________________________________
b. America entered an “___________________________________” with a popular president and a booming national economy
Effects of the War of 1812
► Revival of American ______________________- leads to the “Era of Good Feelings”
► Shows the need for a strong ________________
► End of the _____________________ Party
► Weakens ________________________resistance – new states (IL, AL, IN, MS)
► Paved way for American take- over of ______________________
The Industrial Revolution
A. During the 19th Century (1800’s) ________________________ of goods changed dramatically.
1. Instead of _____________________________ putting together an ________________________ from start to
finish goods were now made with ____________________________________ parts and were mass
________________________________ instead of being made in people’s homes.
2. This change in production is called the _____________________________.
B. Industrial Revolution in the United States
1. After the American Revolution the primary source of income in America was international __________________.
2. Jefferson’s Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 hurt American ___________________ so badly that investor
were looking for other alternatives. _______________________ became that alternative.
TWO Agricultural Systems Develop
A. The North
1. In the Northwest farmers grew crops such as corn and grain that
_______________________________________________.
2. In the Northeast individuals farmed on _____________________________________________.
3. By 1804 almost all states in the north had outlawed _______________________.
B. The South
1. Eli Whitney’s _________________________ – a machine used to clean the seeds from cotton – allowed cotton
producers to produce ________________________ cotton.
2. Slave labor provided the large labor force that plantations needed.
3. As demand for cotton _____________________ so did the _____________________________________.
__________________________________: 1817-1825
A. James Monroe was overwhelmingly elected president in __________ and _____________
1. Monroe’s presidency began during an era of increased _________________________________ after the War of
1812 known as the “___________________________________________” (1815-1825)
2. Monroe’s goals as president were to promote 1) national ___________________ and 2) America’s place in the
_______________
B. Monroe promoted nationalism & American unity in ______________ ways:
1. _______________________: Increase the power of the national government over the states
a. John Marshall (1801-1835) used the power of the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national
government
2. _______________________: Encourage __________________ and __________________ to link the South, North,
and West
a. In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay proposed the ____________________________ to unify the economies of the
North, South, & West
i. Create a __________________________ of the US of the U.S.
ii. Create a ________________________to promote U.S. industry and limit British manufactured goods
iii. Improve transportation with _________________________________
b. The American System allowed the USA to create a ___________________________________________ for the
first time
i. ______________________ was used in northern textiles factories
ii. _______________________________ made manufactured goods that were sold throughout the country
iii. _______________________________ grew grains and raised livestock that fed the nation
3. ________________________: Use foreign policy to _______________________________ and improve
America’s ________________________________affairs
a. After the War of 1812, Americans flooded into the ______________; By 1840 over 1/3 of the population lived in
the West; This economic and territorial growth created a need to ____________America’s national
___________________
i. The Convention of 1818, Monroe & British leaders agreed to establish the US/Canadian border at the
________ parallel
ii. In 1819 the USA gained ___________ from Spain with the __________________Treaty
iii. _______________________ Treaty reduced the number of military vessels on the Great Lakes
c. When Latin American nations gained independence, the USA wanted to support the new republics and keep
European nations from colonizing Latin America
d. In 1823, the ________________________ warned European nations that the USA would protect the
__________________ Hemisphere and that the U.S. would _____________________________________
C. ____________________________ was a time of nationalism, but there were growing problems between North and
South (called _____________________________________)
1. Northerners & Southerners disagreed over ____________, ______________, and the
_________________________________
2. These disagreements dominated politics from 1820 to 1860
3. _______________________________ (also known as the Compromise of 1820)
a. When ________________________applied to become a U.S. ______________________, sectionalism emerged
i. Northerners did not want Southern states to __________________________________ in the national
government
ii. If Missouri entered as a ______________________ state, the South would have ____________________ than
the North
b. In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)
i. ___________________became a ___________________ state…___________________ broke from
Massachusetts & became a _____________________ state
ii. Slavery was outlawed in ____________________________________ above the latitude of
_________________ degrees