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Ch 10 Section 1 New Agriculture Food production increased because of political stability, climate change, inventions, and innovation. Inventions & innovations included the horseshoe, a horse collar, the Carruca, waterpower, wind power, and the three-field system. Manorial System A new agriculture system arose. The “Manor” was an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants. Serfs, or peasants legally bound to the land provided rent and labor. Peasants were required to pay their local village church a tithe, which was ten percent of their produce. Daily Life Each year’s cycle of harvesting began in October when they ground for winter planting. Peasants celebrated several feast days associated with Christianity. The three most important were Christmas, Easter and Pentecost. Revival of Trade In order to encourage trade between Flanders and Italy, the counts of Champagne initiated a series of trade fairs in the chief towns of the territory. Slowly a money economy, or economic system based on currency rather than barter, emerged. This led to commercial capitalism, an economic system in which people make a profit based on investments in trade and goods. Growth of Cities Merchants and artisans living in walled cities came to be called burghers or bourgeoisie, from the German word burg, meaning “a walled enclosure.” The Patricians were the members of the wealthiest and most powerful “burghers”. Elections for city council in medieval cities were often carefully rigged to make sure that only patricians were elected. Daily Life in Medieval City In cities the danger of fire was great and water pollution was rampant. Industry and Guilds Craftsmen began organizing guilds, or business associations, to set production standards and quality. A person who wanted to learn a craft was called an apprentice. After they learned it, they became a journeyman. Once a journeyman created a masterpiece, they were considered a master and could join the guild. Section 2 Papal Monarchy The Pope at this time was a political force, as well as a religious force, which controlled a nation called the Papal States. Lay investiture, a practice by which secular rulers chose nominees for church offices and gave them the symbols of their office was used during this time. The struggle between Henry the IV and Gregory VII was known as the Investiture Controversy. <<<<STOP>>>> Finally, in 1122 each side reached an agreement called the Concordat of Worms. Under Pope Innocent III the church reached its political height. To achieve his political ends, Pope Innocent III often used an interdict, which prohibited priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to a particular group of people. New Religious Orders One of the most important and strict Christian orders was the Cistercians. Hildegard of Bingen was a composer and important contributor to Gregorian chant. Hildegard of Bingen’s work is especially remarkable because she succeeded in a man’s world. By starting the Franciscan order, St. Francis of Assisi abandoned all worldly goods and material pursuits to live and preach in poverty. Dominic de Guzman wanted to defend the Church from heresy. Therefore, he started the Inquisition court to find and try heretics. He believed the best way to attack heresy was the formation of a new religious order called the Dominicans, who lived in poverty and preached effectively. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages The role of saints was closely tied to relics. Relics are bones of objects connected with saints that were considered worthy of worship. Section 3 Rise of Universities Most early universities were based on law, medicine, or theology. The chief task of scholasticism was to harmonize Christian teachings with the works of the Greek philosophers. Saint Thomas Aquinas attempted scholasticism combining Aristotle with Christianity. Vernacular Literature Vernacular literature was literature written in the local language of everyday speech. Another type of vernacular literature was the heroic epic, or chanson de geste. Section 4 Late middle Ages Black Death The Black Death killed nearly 38 million people, resulting in severe economic consequences. Decline of Church Power A Great Schism or split occurred in the Catholic Church due to a struggle between Pope Boniface and French King Phillip IV. Phillip refused to accept the pope and engineered the election of his own pope, called Clement V. A church council finally met in Switzerland in 1417 and ended the schism. John Hus was accused of heresy by the Council of Constance and burned at the stake for his attempt at church reform due to the schism. Hundred Years War Initiated by England, eventually won by the French. Henry V defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt Joan of Arc brought the Hundred Years’ War to a decisive turning point by inspiring the French with her faith. After the Hundred Years’ War, England faced more turmoil from the War of the Roses. Political Recovery Louis XI used the taille, a permanent tax, to create the foundations of a strong French monarchy. A Taille an annual direct tax, usually on land or property Spain’s two strongest kingdoms, Castile and Aragon, were united when Isabella married Ferdinand.