Download Six, Name， relative ，Title

Six, Name， relative ，Title
The origin of the name in our country
（there are 6363 family name in the history of literature）
some of the major names has 4000 years history in China . so how many last name in
China exactly? "Hundred Family Surnames" in Northern Song Dynasty, has collected 468 names,
the Ming Dynasty's "Thousand Family Surnames" collected 1968 names.According to statistics,
There are 6363 China's last name in the history of literature , of which 3730 single surname,2475
compound surname , 146 three words name, 7 four words name , and 5 five words
name .“ Modern Chinese Dictionary” only embody the modern Chinese family name more than
930. At present, there are about 3000 family name around our country.
Since the Paleozoic era of the primitive clan, people have had a family surname. At that
time, the matrilineal as the center of Social Clan , the emperors name are composed to a female
name, such as Shennong surnamed Jiang, Huang Di surnamed Ji , Yushun surnamed Yao, etc.As
the population increased, the family name has also grown,for a variety of different reasons,
generally with the following conditions .
1、succession to ancestors or posthumous title of an emperor for the surname. such as the
family name of Yao is Tang , so his future Generations family name will be Tang .The same is true
about Xia, Yin, Zhou and so on. After the death of the emperors,it is necessary to write their
throne on the memorial tablets in the temple , such as there are wen king and wu king in the- Chou
dynasty , their descendants were named after their an ancestors respectively.
2、Naming after the country or the area. Ancient residents of some countries named after
countries name, such as Qi Lu, Qin, Jin and so on. some people named after the place of residence,
such as the Qi dafu in the Spring and Autumn Period living in around the city walls four sides, so
their named on DongGuo, XiGuo, Nanguo,Beiguo. The same is true of the Dongmen，Nangong，
Ouyang.
3、some people naming their surname because of his official duties . the ancient official
duties like Sima,Situ,Shuai,Yu now are peoples surname. people who once in these positions,their
future generations will take these official surname. There are a lot of people get their surname as
their duty.For example,people who charge the instruments named Guan,people who doing
business name Shang, as well as Tao, Tu, Wu, Bu, Shi and so on.
4、some people naming themselves as plants and animals for the family name. Such as Niu,
Ma,Long, Xiong, Yang, Liu,You,Hua etc.
5、Naming figure for the surname. Such as Wu, Lu,Wan etc.
In the long course of history, the family name is also evolving, such as the cut-off sound of
compound surname ,Gongsun cut into surnamed Gong, surnamed Sun,Mengsun cut into surnamed
Meng, surnamed Sun, some of the surnames were given by the emperor,officials, master, it past
down. Some people get the name by themself. Now, the children also have the freedom to select
the name, it it not statutory that son has to inherit the father's surname.
Family name
（In order to distinguish the different marriage groups, family name and last name united
as one)
During the matriarchal society period, people know know his mother but do not kown his
father, the same matrilineal generations do not marry, In order to distinguish the different marriage
groups, family name appeared.so "ShuoWen" explained surname that "people are born", surnamed
word were formed with women and born.Thus the ancient name always with a female side, such
as Ji, Jiang,Ying. The clearly recorded of the history of surnames from the beginning of the Zhou
Dynasty. Due to the increasing number of same surname, in order to distinguish status, birth
between family , family name comes out.family name original meaning as a "branch", "Qi","it
also used to distinguish the status of the children and grandchild".The main source of family
name:(1) status title, such as Wang, Hou; (2)The country name, such as Qi and Lu; (3) official title,
such as Situ, Sima; (4) place of residence, such as Ximen, NanGuo; (5) fief, such as the Qu，Jie; (6)
occupation, such as pottery, witch. At the original ， family name can only obtained by
aristocrats,the common people did not have one.After the Warring States period, as the magnitude
increasing of a family name, surname and family name getting mixed,the masses own a surname
too. To the HanWei,everyone had a surname.
Name
(family name and first name are related in meaning)
In ancient times,parents named their baby a hundred days or three months later after
his born. it is extremely serious to make a name, it is said that it would be better to make a name
are bound up with the meaning of justice and trust.Do not connected with the mountains and rivers,
animals and utensils ( "Zuozhuan" HengGong six years). But there are also some notorious
example in historical records that are not avoid as taboo .such as Tianbuli,Weiwuzhi,Shie.The last
name is the meaning of propagate.According to the system of Zhou dynasty: the aristocratic men
at his 20 would be think of an adult,the aristocratic women at her 15 will be think of an adult. they
could attend to the social activities formally after they grown up.The men will wear a cap and the
women will stick a flower on her hat. at the same time,both the man and woman will get a last
name. so at the ancient time,there is an old saying,girl who do not have a last name means she is
not marry.Actually,the family name and the last name are relevant in meaning.for
example,Kongqiu,his last name is Zhongni,zhong stands for the rank in the family tree. ni is the
name of the mountain.Mengke,his last name is Ziyu,yu is connected with vehicles.
The meaning of the surname in our country.
(The same surname can be derivative into many family name. Today's name are most
belong to the ancient's.)
Ancient surnames are different from each other,surname stands for descent,family name
stands for the Official position,residence ,occupation.The same surname can be derivative into
many family name. Today's name are most belong to the ancient's.it also indicated that our country
have a long history.family name such as ji,yao,lou,with a female side are very old surnames, it
reminds us of ancient matrilineal relatives of the Group. Xia, Yin, Zhou, Qi, Lu, Jin, Chu, Han,
Zhao, Wei, Qin, Song, reminiscent scenes of ancient Chinese feudal vassal gathering
together.according to the family name that similar with the animal like camel, ants, deer,
sheep,horses, cattle, bears, dragons, fish, abalone, reminds us of the totem beliefs in totem
social.we could conculded many profession from the composition of witch, merchants,the
commander in chief, literature and history etc.we can imagine the scene that chinese people live
together and people communicate their owns cultural with each other from the family name of jin,
sa,murong.
Hundred Family Surnames arrangement
(there are about 87 percent Han Chinese population who obtain these one hundred
surnames.)
According to Xinhua News Agency, May 2rd, 1987 : "we may encounter Zhang, Wang,
Li, Zhao, Liu everywhere,"when people are talking about China's surname,they often say it just
based on their impression. Du ruopu, Chinese Sciences Institute of Genetic Institute,and Yuan yida,
Assistant Research Institute.they put forward a more accurate theory after a detailed study of the
ratio of the number on China's family name.
This interesting research were finished by two Scientific researchers,they get statistics in
accordance with the 0.5‰ of random sample of data (57 million) the total population provided by
National Bureau in 1982 ,and make a reference to "surname distribution of the Taiwan population"
published in Taiwan Province in 1970 , then obtained through computer processing. Studies have
shown that the surnames of Li are the largest part in Han people, it is account for about 7.9
percent.
Their study found that there are 19 most common surnames in Han population. In
addition to Li, Wang, Zhang, there are also other common surnames like
Liu,Chen,Yang,Zhao,Huang,Zhou,Wu,Xu,Sun,Hu,Zhu, Gao,Lin,He,Guo, Ma. these people were
about 55.6 percent in the Han population ,it means that there are about more than half of the
population use these family name.
what does the top 100 common surnames of Han people ? To arrange surnames
according to the number : Li, Wang, Zhang,Liu,Chen,Yang,Zhao,Huang,Zhou,Wu,Xu,Sun,Hu,Zhu,
Gao,Lin,He,Guo,Ma,luo,liang,song,zheng,xie,han,tang,feng,yu,dong,xiao,cheng,cao,yuan,deng,xu
,fu,sheng,zeng,peng,lv,su,lu,jiang,cai,jia,ding,wei,xue,ye,yan,yu,pan,du,dai,xia,zhong,wang,tian,re
n,jiang,fan,fang,shi,yao,tan,liao,zou,xiong.jin,lu,hao,kong,zi,cui,kang,mao,qiu,qin,jiang,shi,gu,hou
,shao,meng,long,wan,duan,lei,qian,tang,yin,li,yi,chang,wu,qiao,he,lai,gong,wen.These
100
surnames of people,account for about 87 percent Han Chinese population.
The study also found that there was a clear regional differences on the distribution of
family name of the Han people.surnames like Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu are more likely appeared in
northern area, and Chen,Zhao, Huang, Lin, Wu and other most common surnames are in high
proportion of southern ares, the researchers explored blood relationship with the relative mobility
all over the country based on this characteristics
Duruopu told reporters that they have not found out the exactly number of surnames that
people are using in the Han population , we obtained 1066 surnames in random sample of national
census in 1982, which is incomplete. He estimated that it is about 3000 who are use of Han
surnames.
What is the kin
(In modern times,the kin refers to father, mother, sister, brother, wife, son.)
The kin means six kind of relatives.people's understanding on kin are always been
different.in "The 25th Year of Duke Zhao" ,the kin means that father and son, brother, sister, uncle
and nephew, marriage ,relatives by marriage. according to "Zhouyi family",it refers to father and
son, brother, husband and wife. by the book of "Hanshu JiaYi " it say that the kin are parents,
brothers, wife. According to JiaYi's "new book liushu" that means the father and son, brothers,
brothers of father, brothers of grandfather,brothers of Great - grand - father, brothers of the
cognate. According to "Guanyan Commentary Section of the Historical Records" it says that
grandparents, parents, sisters, uncle's son, son of parents of their children.there are many diffierent
kind of saying about kin, n modern times,the kin refers to father, mother, sister, brother, wife,
son.in Modern Chinese the kin also refers to the relatives.
What is the nine degrees of kindred
(there are many kind of statement about the nine degrees of kindred .)
Our autocratic monarchy society carry out the cruel implicate law,if one person break
the law, especially aggravated misconduct, his or her nine degrees of kindred have to been
killed.up from the great-great-grandpa down to the great-great-grandson, that is
great-great-grandson, great-grandson, ren grandson (from their own offspring for the next eighth
grandson),son, father, grandfather, great-grandfather,great-great-grandfather; It is said the four
relatives of father's family ,three communities of mother, the group of wife's family, four relatives
of father's family namely:aunt's son, sister's son (nephew), daughter's son (grandson); the same
clan:parents,brothers,sisters,children;mother's ethnic: grandfather,grandmother,uncle; wife's ethnic
group; father-in-law, mother-in-law.
Ancient family relation and the name
(people who with a different family name but close in blood with the same surname in
this family are considered relatives)
In the feudal patriarchal society, people who with a different family name but close in
blood with the same surname in this family are considered relatives. there the relationship and
names are as follows:
at the ancient time we called father's father as king father,father's mother as king
mother ,later changed as grandfather and grandmother , parents of the grandma and grandpa are
great-grandfather and great-grandmother,parents of the great-grandfather and great-grandmother
are great-great-grandfather and great-great-grandmother,from the upper fifth are
father,grandfather,great-grandfather,great-great-grandfather. the name of the Son's son are
grandson, the son of the grandson are great-grandchild , son of the great-grandchild are
great-great-grandson,son of the great-great-grandson are great-great-great-grandson,...upper from
grandson to great-great-grandson.
Father's elder brother are uncle , the father's younger brother are uncle. wife of the
uncle are aunt, son of the uncle are cousin, father's sister are aunt, husband of anut are uncle.
father's uncle called granduncle,father's aunt called grandaunt.father's cousin called
granduncle, wife of the granduncle are grandaunt,son of the granduncle are first cousin.
Grandfather and great-grandfather is the progenitor, known as the progenitor; his wife
has been known as Queen Mother of the Tribe. Great-grandfather is the son of ethnic communities
grandfather, known as the family progenitor. Tribe grandfather are Father's son. Father's son are
ethnic brothers for the family.
Brother's wife are sister-in-law , younger brother's wife are sister-in-law . Brother's
son also known as the nephew; brother's daughter also known as the niece. Brother's grandson are
your grandson too.
Sister's son are the nephew, daughter's husband are son-in-law, later shorten as xu.
aunt's children are girl cousins and boy cousins . Biao is only called after the Jin
Dynasty, and later known as Gubiao.
Mother's parents are grandfather and grandmother,Grandfather's parents are called
great-grandfather and great-grandmother,mother's brother are uncle ,uncle's wife are
aunt.mother'sister are aunt ,aunt's husband are uncle. aunt's children are cousins, later known as
maternal cousin. Mother's brothers and sisters are collectively referred to as the son of her
mother's brothers and sisters , and later also known as maternal cousin brothers and sisters.
wife's father was called Wai Jiu,then clalled Yue Fu or Yue Zhang,Zhangren;wife's
mother was called waigu,then was called Yuemu,Zhangmu.Yuefu was also called Yueweng,and
Yuemu was called Water of Thai mountain.The sister of wife was called aunt.The son of wife's
brother was called Qizhi.
husband's father was called Jiu,also for Zhang;wife's mother was called aunt.In
ancient China,they were called for Jiugu or guzhang,then for Gongpo.Husband's brother was
called Boshu,then for Dabo,xiaoshuzi,the littkle sister of husband was called for Little aunt,the
wife of husband 's little brother was called tifu,husband 's sister was called for nimu.
the marriage between wife's parents and husband's parents was called Qingjia.To be
more specifically,husband's father was called for Yin,while wife's husband called for Hun.
Ranking of the ancient title of brothers
In ancient China,it was experessed by Bo,Zhong,shu,ji.Bo was the oldest,zhong was
second ,shu was third,and ji was the last.People in ancient China was uesd to add these to the front
of thier literal stylic names,like Boqin,zhongni,shuxiang,jilu,etc..As the resuly,the father od father
was called for bofu,and his second brother was called zhong fu,zhong fu's litter brother was called
for shufu,his last shufu was called for jifu.then,the shufu's litter brother was all called shufu.In the
book of <memories of history.xiangyu>His jifu was called xiangliang.Here,the jifu is shufu,and
usually was used for name the last shufu.
Yuanyang meaned brothers in ancient
In ancient China,yuanyang meaned brothers.According to the <wenxuan>,there was
a poetry said "was for yuan and yang,now for can and chen." And juged by the other sentences of
the poem,the yuan and yang meand brothers.And we can also found that yuanyang means brothers
from other poems ,said <for brother>by Jikang in Wei dynasty.Zhen feng in jin dynasty had
written four poems,the first named <yuanyang>,said,yuanyang,what a saint,fly to the mountain of
eastern,shining in the sky.Her , yuanyang obviously means brothers of Luji,and luyun.To trace
back to the <Shijin.xiaoya>,said,the yuanyang is flying,was not image husband and wife as well.It
is from Lu zhaoling to use yuanyang to analogy wife.
how to named your relatives
When named our relatives,we usually heard of "jia,she,xian,wang".The character of
jia,and she often metaphor the living familes,it was a metaphor of Humility and average.Jia was
used to named the people who was older than yourself ,like Jiafu,jiayan,and jiamu,jiaci for
mother.etc..And
the
character
of
she
was
used
to
call
the
home,like
jiashe,hanshe,bishe.etc..Meanwhile,it was also used for named the relatives who was younger than
himself,like shedi,shemei,shezhi,sheqin,but never named son or daughter.Jia and she,although can
not named relatives modestly,but can not used without attention.Xian and wang are all have the
meaning of mourn and memory,especially point at the dead relatives.Xian,it was a respected name
for the elderly,like Xianfu,and xianren,while we called our mom as xianmu,xianpi,and we called
opur grandpa as xianzu,etc..But wang iwas used for the people who was younger than us ,like
wangdi,wanger,we also used to call our wife and friends,like wangqi,and wangyou.These four
characters ,"jia,she.xian,wang"were all contain the meaning of "my,"so we dont say"your
jiamu""your jiafu"etc..In the ancient time,we usually added a character of quan to name our
sons,meaning they are inmature.Like quanzi,quannv,etc..Otherwise,"xiao"was another to call
himself,like xiaodi,xiaomei,and called their shop as xiaodian,and their son and daughter as xiao
er ,or xiaonmv,etc..
Civilized and courtesy call
Our ancesters have formulated a lot of courtesy calls in communication,like parents
were also called gaotang,shuangqin,xixia.And they called others's names as
lingzun,lingtang;others's brothers and sisters as lingxiong,lingmei;they called others sons ,and
daughters as linglang,and ling yuan.They called their own parents and brothers or sisters as
jiafu,jiayan,jiamu,jiaci,etc..They called others 's family as fushang,zunfu,and their own homes as
hanshe ,shexia,caotang.The wife's father was called zhangren in common,and gracely named as
yuefu;their brothers were named as kunzhong,shouzu.tHusband and wife were called as Mr. or
Mrs,s pouse.or Partner.The women were all called as jinguo,and men were called as xumei.If wife
or husband died,it was called as shangou;the left wife was called as gua,or shuang.Added a
character of xian if your mom or papa died,if your papa died,then named your papa as
xianfu,xianyan,or xiankao;if your mama died then called her as xianmu,xianci.iIf it is the people
of your same generation died ,adding a wang before,like wangqi, or wang mei.If it is your
teacher ,en it must be called as en shi,fuzi.xuechuang,jichuang,tongxue are all called as classmate
in modern time.
Ling is a respeted name
In the ancient wors,lthe character of ling was for respectful,Understanding the
composition of the word and its meaning, for the reading of classical works is necessary.Here I
would like to introduce some word composed by the character of ling.
Lingzun:which is a respectful word for other's father ,also for
zungong ,zundaren.Ling tang is a respected word for others's mother,the doctor's wife in the
ancient timne used to live in the northern house,so ,people were get used to call others mother as
lingtang.Lingxiong:this was used for other's older brother.Lingdi , used for the other's little
brother.Sometimes, the ancient Chinese use it to call his own little brother.Like the poem by Xie
Lingyun:Meet Lingdi on the way,smile in heart.Lingqi: a respected call for other's wife.Ling mei:a
respeted call for other's little sister.Ling lang:for other's son,also for Lingzi,lingsi.Lingai:a
respected name for other's daughter.
Origin of husband and wife
Why do people call the male as husband,while the female as wife in spouse?
It is said that there was a bad custom of "robber wife"in the ancient tribes,The major reason for
women choose their husband is his height.The ideal height for the male is one zhang,which is
about seven rules in mordern time.You can marry your Mr.right if he got a height of seven
rules.That is why women called his Mr.right as Zhangfu.
the initial meaning of Laopo is old women,A poem by Tang Hanshan said,"A laopo in
home,becoming rich in 3-5 years."wife's father was called Wai Jiu,then clalled Yue Fu or Yue
Zhang,Zhangren;wife's mother was called waigu,then was called Yuemu,Zhangmu.Yuefu was also
called Yueweng,and Yuemu was called Water of Thai mountain.The sister of wife was called
aunt.The son of wife's brother was called Qizhi. husband's father was called Jiu,also for
Zhang;wife's mother was called aunt.In ancient China,they were called for Jiugu or guzhang,then
for Gongpo.Husband's brother was called Boshu,then for Dabo,xiaoshuzi,the littkle sister of
husband was called for Little aunt,the wife of husband 's little brother was called tifu,husband 's
sister was called for nimu.the marriage between wife's parents and husband's parents was called
Qingjia.To be more specifically,husband's father was called for Yin,while wife's husband called for
Hun.
Ranking of the ancient title of brothers
In ancient China,it was experessed by Bo,Zhong,shu,ji.Bo was the oldest,zhong was
second ,shu was third,and ji was the last.People in ancient China was uesd to add these to the front
of thier literal stylic names,like Boqin,zhongni,shuxiang,jilu,etc..As the resuly,the father od father
was called for bofu,and his second brother was called zhong fu,zhong fu's litter brother was called
for shufu,his last shufu was called for jifu.then,the shufu's litter brother was all called shufu.In the
book of <memories of history.xiangyu>His jifu was called xiangliang.Here,the jifu is shufu,and
usually was used for name the last shufu.
Yuanyang meaned brothers in ancient
In ancient China,yuanyang meaned brothers.According to the <wenxuan>,there was
a poetry said "was for yuan and yang,now for can and chen." And juged by the other sentences of
the poem,the yuan and yang meand brothers.And we can also found that yuanyang means brothers
from other poems ,said <for brother>by Jikang in Wei dynasty.Zhen feng in jin dynasty had
written four poems,the first named <yuanyang>,said,yuanyang,what a saint,fly to the mountain of
eastern,shining in the sky.Her , yuanyang obviously means brothers of Luji,and luyun.To trace
back to the <Shijin.xiaoya>,said,the yuanyang is flying,was not image husband and wife as well.It
is from Lu zhaoling to use yuanyang to analogy wife.
how to named your relatives
When named our relatives,we usually heard of "jia,she,xian,wang".The character of
jia,and she often metaphor the living familes,it was a metaphor of Humility and average.Jia was
used to named the people who was older than yourself ,like Jiafu,jiayan,and jiamu,jiaci for
mother.etc..And
the
character
of
she
was
used
to
call
the
home,like
jiashe,hanshe,bishe.etc..Meanwhile,it was also used for named the relatives who was younger than
himself,like shedi,shemei,shezhi,sheqin,but never named son or daughter.Jia and she,although can
not named relatives modestly,but can not used without attention.Xian and wang are all have the
meaning of mourn and memory,especially point at the dead relatives.Xian,it was a respected name
for the elderly,like Xianfu,and xianren,while we called our mom as xianmu,xianpi,and we called
opur grandpa as xianzu,etc..But wang iwas used for the people who was younger than us ,like
wangdi,wanger,we also used to call our wife and friends,like wangqi,and wangyou.These four
characters ,"jia,she.xian,wang"were all contain the meaning of "my,"so we dont say"your
jiamu""your jiafu"etc..In the ancient time,we usually added a character of quan to name our
sons,meaning they are inmature.Like quanzi,quannv,etc..Otherwise,"xiao"was another to call
himself,like xiaodi,xiaomei,and called their shop as xiaodian,and their son and daughter as xiao
er ,or xiaonmv,etc..
Civilized and courtesy call
Our ancesters have formulated a lot of courtesy calls in communication,like parents
were also called gaotang,shuangqin,xixia.And they called others's names as
lingzun,lingtang;others's brothers and sisters as lingxiong,lingmei;they called others sons ,and
daughters as linglang,and ling yuan.They called their own parents and brothers or sisters as
jiafu,jiayan,jiamu,jiaci,etc..They called others 's family as fushang,zunfu,and their own homes as
hanshe ,shexia,caotang.The wife's father was called zhangren in common,and gracely named as
yuefu;their brothers were named as kunzhong,shouzu.tHusband and wife were called as Mr. or
Mrs,s pouse.or Partner.The women were all called as jinguo,and men were called as xumei.If wife
or husband died,it was called as shangou;the left wife was called as gua,or shuang.Added a
character of xian if your mom or papa died,if your papa died,then named your papa as
xianfu,xianyan,or xiankao;if your mama died then called her as xianmu,xianci.iIf it is the people
of your same generation died ,adding a wang before,like wangqi, or wang mei.If it is your
teacher ,en it must be called as en shi,fuzi.xuechuang,jichuang,tongxue are all called as classmate
in modern time.
Ling is a respeted name
In the ancient wors,lthe character of ling was for respectful,Understanding the
composition of the word and its meaning, for the reading of classical works is necessary.Here I
would like to introduce some word composed by the character of ling.
Lingzun:which is a respectful word for other's father ,also for
zungong ,zundaren.Ling tang is a respected word for others's mother,the doctor's wife in the
ancient timne used to live in the northern house,so ,people were get used to call others mother as
lingtang.Lingxiong:this was used for other's older brother.Lingdi , used for the other's little
brother.Sometimes, the ancient Chinese use it to call his own little brother.Like the poem by Xie
Lingyun:Meet Lingdi on the way,smile in heart.Lingqi: a respected call for other's wife.Ling mei:a
respeted call for other's little sister.Ling lang:for other's son,also for Lingzi,lingsi.Lingai:a
respected name for other's daughter.
Origin of husband and wife
Why do people call the male as husband,while the female as wife in spouse?
It is said that there was a bad custom of "robber wife"in the ancient tribes,The major reason for
women choose their husband is his height.The ideal height for the male is one zhang,which is
about seven rules in mordern time.You can marry your Mr.right if he got a height of seven
rules.That is why women called his Mr.right as Zhangfu.
the initial meaning of Laopo is old women,A poem by Tang Hanshan said,"A laopo
in home,becoming rich in 3-5 years."Laopo in the poem means the wife in chage of family
chores.Wu Zimu in song dynasty wrote o poem saind:when you are lucky,buy land,and get
married.Yuan poem said,"Seeing a young woman stand under the curtain,the man want to marry
her.From the exaples above,we can conclude that people called their wives as Laopo could traced
back tio Song Dynasty.
Coparing with Laopo,there are some places that people called their husband as
Laogong.
Research on Laogong
We now call the spouse of woman as Zhangfu in China.But in the ancient
China,Zhangfu didn't mean husband .<The biography of Guliang>siad,"Man in his twenty take a
rite of wearing hat,and became a true man after the rite.There is another saying as well,according
to a book named <Shuowen,Fubu>,saying,"In dynasty,eight inches is a rule,ten rules equals a
Zhang,people's hight is eight inches ,so called Zhangfu."
In the Spring and Autumn Period,the meaning of Zhangfu extended,which no longer
means the adult,but also included boys.Accoding to <Guoyu.Yueyu>,"have a boy,three wines ,a
dog;have a girl,two wines,a pig..."Here,Zhngfu obviously means boy.
The origin of Lianjin
In our country,the spouses of wife's sisters were called "Lianjin".The calling had a
story with a famous master.
The word of Lianjin of initial use was by Dufu.He lived in the eastern part of
Sichuan,knowing a oldman whose family name is Li,they are distant relatives.They share the same
hobbies,and like chating and drinking with each other.One day,Dufu was going to Hubei,and left a
poem named <For Li>,said,"...Shar the same interests,share the same clothes"It was just to
describe their friendship,but no the meaning of what we talked before.
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty,Hongmai had a brother who was an officer
in Quanzhou.His wife's sister's husband was Jiedu Shi in jianghuai river,who wrote a letter of
recommendation for him.To thanks for his recommendation,he wrote a poem,,said"Jing and mei
was tied with each other....."And a people who was borned in an earlier period,had written a
poem ,said"the people who lived on the north of the Changjiang river called their friends's son as
Lianmei,"Lianjin" as well.Copearing with the poem by Hongmai,we can safely conclude that the
"Lianjin" word had already became popular in Song Dynasty,and share the same meaning with
mordern time.
On Niangzi
In the history novels,movies,and dramas,Wife is frequently heard.The novel of
<Golden Brick Broken>is a history novel about the war between different nations in
Song ,Liao,and Jin Dynasty;the majior character called his wife as Niangzi,while called the
famous whore Li Shishi as Niangzi.It is not right to call your wife as Naizngi. The time before
Song dynasty,Niangzi means an unmarried girl or woman.As the Guniang in mordern time,and
many classcis can prove that argument.Take Song Dynasty as example,according to the book of
<Dream about Liang>people wrote the invitation for marrige,replace the guniang wqith
niangzi.Northern Song Dynasty,Ou Yangxiu had written a letter,said,How are you,My son and
Niangzi....Here, Niangzi means daughter.We can nowadays still hear that calling in mordern
Japan.The "Ban"character in Japan means Guniang,and Girl in Chinese.Niangzi is a common
calling for every unmarried woman at that period,since of that,it is ok to call Lishishi as Niangzi.
Of course,ther is extra example,According to<Zizhitongjian>,Tang xuanzong is
indulge in sensual pleasurein his post period,dote on Yang Guifei,who maitain a notable positon in
Palace ,"where people called her as Niangzi.Here,Niangzi obviously not means Girl but
aunt,certainly we don't appreciate it as wife.
The event of calling wife as Niangzi may happened in Yuan Dynasty.This evolution
is somehow collect with the invation of minority.And the earliest population of the calling is
happend in the capital of Beijing.Yuan Dynasty,Tao zongyuan wrote,people called heir wives as
Niangzi,suprisingly no one called wife ....So, we can see how popular of the call of Niangzi
become.It is not contain a feeling of love until the Yuan Dynasty to call wife as Niangzi.
With the population of Niangzi seep over the whole country,people was get used to
call other women as Niangzi,Like midwife as Lao niang,witch as Shi Niang,Whore as Hua
Niang,Bitchy as Funiang,and humiliated calling of women as Poniang,etc.General called as Po
Niang.
The calling of Women in Ancient China.
Women in ancient China,people don't call their full name,but onle family
name.Make exception on marriage.So,according to the <Liji>Women and mendon'y know each
others name only ion marriage.the noble women are called accrding to thier generation,or follow
the country name or adhere to their husband's name.After Qinhan period,young women's name
usually was followed by a Ji character.In Hanjin period,you can put the women's family name
after her given name.And the calling of wife become varioued.
Befor the Qing Dynasty,people called the mother of emperor as Queen,sister of
emperor as Chang Princess,daughter of emperor as Princess,Son as Prince,king's daughter as
Junzhu.
Furen in ancient China is a rank or title.In Zhou Dynasty,the lords's wives are called
Furen;in Han dynasty,the lords's wives are called as Furen,too.In Tang dynasty,the empror gave
the third grade officer's mother and wife as the title of Furen;Ming dynasty was the second;Qing
was the First and second grade officer's,etc..
The calling of wife in ancient and mordern China
Xiaojun,Xijun:First as the calling of lords 's wife,then as a common callinf for average's
wife.
Queen:wife of emperor.
Zhitong:Emperor call her wife.
Furen：at the ancient time, vassal's wife are called Furen.in Ming dynasty,the great
officials' wife are respect called Furen,in modern times, it often used in diplomatic circles as a title
of respect for ladies.
Jingqi:it is a kind of humility title to name one's wife,it is also called
Jingren,Jingshi,Jingfu,Zhuojing,Sanjing,Jianjing.sometimes it shows meaning of poor.
Zaokang：it means that one's wife spent a hard time with her husband.
Neiren:it is an old entitle ,it is also called Neiren,Neizhu in written language.people will
also called other people's wife as a paragon for respect.
Neizhanggui:people usually address businessman's wife as Neizhanggui,also called
Neidangjia.
Taitai:it usually apply to the official's wife or the richman's wife,such as:your taitai is
coming.
Hunjia:it used in the past time ,husband usually called his wife like this.
Qizi:in the ancient time,it means the wife and the children.it used to call "Qishi",also
shorten as "qi".people want to show their love to his wife would called "xianqi,aiqi" in letter.
Laobaner:it means the old couple,usually refers to the woman.
Niangzi:it happens in some local areas,also called "poniang,niangrener"
Tangke:some people called their wife as tangke in the area south of the Yangtze River
Xifuer:some people called their wife as Xifuer in the country of Henan province.
Laopo:it is an oral language, used in urban and rural areas in north of China.
Laoai:because it is worldliness to called Laopo,it is hard to pronouce Airen,so get Laoai
in the middle way.
Jishi,xuxian:one's wife is dead and marry another woman called Jishi,xuxian.
Jiali:a dialect title for wife,also called housekeeper.
Nvren:it is an rural call, also calle mother of the children.
Airen:couple call each other like this.
now it is ordinarily called Huoji,Dadang,Canmouzhang,Neiwubuzhang,Neidangjia.
PS:inthe ancient time,people called concubine "Ceshi,Pianfang,Xiaoxing,Rufuren,Rujun"
and so on.
What is the Origin of father in law and mother in law
(it is the power of Taishan Mountain )
the ancient emperor usually go to the top of the moutain ,establish the altar of Land to
express thanks to the god in sacrifice ,and conferred the marquis amd officials. Emperor
Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty once conferred in the Taishan Mountain,Zhangshuo was the
official.He promote his son in law Zhengyi from the nine ranks to the first ranks.later the emperor
asked why his son in law promote in such a hige speed,zhengyi speaking at random and
carelessly.Huangfanzhou flea in his ear said:it is the power of Taishan Mountain.so the emporer
kown that zhangshuo have respect of persons to his son in law.the emporer is unpleased, he
demotion zhengyi to the nine ranks.in the end, people kowns this ,because taishan mountain is the
first of the five great mountains, so they called wife's father as yuefu.,and wife's mother as yuemu.
what is zhangren
(it refers to father in law now)
we ofen see the word zhangren in books,it refers to father in law now.but it is different
in the ancient time.
一、it is a respectly address to the old man.such as in " Confucian Analacts
Huizi" it said zilu met zhangren later;in the Book of Former Han ,biography of Suwu,it said that
The old man can do anything in the rule of han emporer.
二、it refers to the master .such as in "assassin Commentary Section of the Historical
Records" the master asked someone to hit the crock.
三、the name that wife used to call the husband,such as the folk songs in han dynasty,a
woman was sicked for a long time and asked her hunband to come to her bed , it refers to the
husband .
四、it respresnt the father in law ,the play "killed Cuining for mistake" in song dynasty,
zhangren resprsent father in law.
the origin of the east bed
the east bed refers to the son in law,it is said that in the Eastern Tsin Dynasty, xijian
asked his men to look for a son in law in wangdao's family.when his men was back ,he said the
young men are all excellent except one ,all young men are reserved to waited for the news, but
that young men eat food in the east bed without fear.xijian answered immediately :here is the
one exactly.this young men was the famous calligrapher wangxizi.so people called son in law as
the east bed .
the origin of childhood sweetheart
childhood sweetheart means the young boys and girls play without restraint,the
childhood sweetheart was an age of innocence and happiness.the famous poet Libai in tang
dynasty once write a poet named "changganxing",which described a woman missed her husband
so much that she was willing to walked a long way and experienced much difficulty to received
her husband.at the very beginning of the poem, it recall the scene that they play intimate together:
You came by on bamboo stilts, playing horse, You walked about my seat, playing
with blue plums.
And we went on living in the village of Chokan: Two smallpeople,without dislike or
suspicion.
bamboo horse means take the bamboo as a horse to ride,blue plums means the plums
are raw.at the end,people use childhood sweetheart and innocent playmates to show the
deep,chasteness feeling.we can put the two phrases together without the change of meaning.
the meaning of "jiefa"
in the ancient, the young boys and girls marry each other called "jiefa",in ancient
Chinese poem ,"if we are married,we will take care of each other without suscpicion."there are
other examples such as "We've shared the pillow, mat and bed,And we'll be man and wife till
dead."in "A Pair of Peacocks Southeast Fly";later jiefa a also means the wife."I am a far way from
you right now, even if i miss you i can not see you",a poem of liangjiangyan also demonstrate this
word meaning.
The moon and the iceman
the moon is matchmaker, in tang dynasty, weigu went to changan and rest in the city
of song,in the evening,he met a old man check a book under the moon,he went to talked with the
old man ,the oldster said he is the master of the marriage .he have a red rope in his pocket,if he
tie the red rope to the boy and girl ,they will marry even if they are enemy.weigu asked for his
marriage,the oldster said he will marry a girl whose father is growing vegetables .it comes into
the true soon.so people called the matchmaker are oldster under the moon ,short for the moon.
iceman is matchmaker too,according to the book of jin dynasty ,suotong are good at
explaine dreams.linghuce make a strange dream once evening, he dreamed that he stand on the ice
and talked to the people under the ice,he do not kown it is good or bad,so he asked suotong to
explain .suotong said it is actually talked about the marriage,it direct that you will matchmaking
a couple,when the ice was broken , they will marry.so people called matchmaker iceman.
Baixing，limin，qianshou，buyi，shuren
Baixing ：it is a generic term of aristocrat in ancient times.the master of the slave in
shang dynasty are aristocrat,the generic term is baixing,the emperor of shang are the top
representive,name himself as yuyiren,it is continue to use in zhou dynasty.after the Warring States
Period ,baixing is the general term of the common people.of the same meaning with min.
limin: the common people,li is the same pronunciation with li( 骊 ),it means
black.limin is famous for black hair, it on behalf of the working people.
qianshou:qianshou is a kind of name that used in qin dynasty in the Warring States Period.qian
means black,qianshou means the black head.in qin dynasty,people use the black cloth to wrap the
head,so get the name of qianshou.
buyi:the common people,in the ancient time,the rich man wears silk,and poor man
wears linen cloth."chushibiao"："I was a civilian, Nanyang County in the pro-tillage farming, the
chaos in the world just to preserve lives, I do not know that the leaders desire to obtain and
dignitaries."
shuren:also called shumin,it is a title for the agricultural producers after Western
Zhou .in Western Zhou Dynasty, shuren can get the gift from master, their identity are higher than
slaves.in Spring and Autumn Period ,the status of shuren are lower than shi but higher than the
industry and commerce slave. After the Qin and Han Dynasties,it generally refers to the general
civilian population.
Bixia,dianxia,huixia,gexia,xixia,zuxiao,zaixia
Bixia:the character of bi means the step of the palace of emperor.Bixia was
originally means the waiter stand by the root of steps in palace.When the ministers talked to the
emperor,they can't directly speak the name of the son of the heaven but called the waiter
first.Since of that,bixia became the respected calling of the son of the heaven.
Dianxia :it shares the same meaning with Bixia.Originally a respected name of
emperor,but the objection was developped with the history.What shouled be noticed is that this
callling was gradually became the respected name of the son of the heaven and the Qinwang.The
Bixia became the unique calling for the prince, queen and mother of queen after Tang Dynasty.
Huixia:which is a respected name for the General.Hui was originally means the flag
of the troops.
Gexia:was the respected name for the people in old time.Mostly seen in letters and
books.In ancient China ,the same generations do not call each others namezs when they meet but
called the waiters to call on hehafe of the visitor,and which gradully became a respected call
between the friends and relatives.
Xixia,boys and girls usually play games in front of the parents,that's how come the
Xixia,which neans people in childhood.It shows a relationship of intimacy,later means the parents.
Zuxia:in the ancient China ,the same generations called each others as Zuxia,which
means "Nin".It is said thay the Prince of Jin Dynasty was expelled at abroad for 19 years before he
regot the crown.He thus awarded the people who perform deeds of merit.But one people named
Jie Zhitui refused and hided in the mountain with his mother.Prince Jin searched hin in the
moutain,but still can't find him out.An idea came through prince's head.He tried to force Jie Zhitui
out of the moutain by burnt the hill,only surpriseingly found he died with arms hold a tree.Prince
Jin was in sorrow,and cutting athat tree,making a woody shoes.It is said that he always looked at
the shoes and moaned,"Sad me,Zuxia!"Zuxia was originally means foot,but since of it first means
a respected people by Jin Prince,it hence gradullay became a pronoun expressing.According to
<Memory of history.XiangYU>,"Zhang liang replied,...thakcs for your reward of a pair of
jade,your majesty,I am here,by your Zuxia;A jade of tabacco pipe here for the general.Zaixia is a
courteouscalling for people himself.In the ancient China,the elderly was on the seat of honor,so
people called himeself as Zaixia.
These expressions were still used on some formal communications.
the town gossip
the town gossip is a group of woman have nine different jobs,this statement is
from the oral language in song dynasty,and it continue to use until the found of the People's
Republic of China.Taozongyi in yuan dynasty once described what we called the three girls are
nun, priestess and gossip,six girls are meipo,yapo,shipo,qianpo,yaopo,wenpo.that means three
girls are engage in religious activities .yapo is trafficking human,meipo is charge into the
marriage,shipo is witch,qianpo is a woman who manages a brothel.wenpo is a woman who deliver
a child,we have no idea about yaopo.
the age appellation in ancient time
a born child called yinger，also called quwan，when people are seven years old wo
called chou and huichi,youxue in ten years,ruoguan in twenty years old,zhuang in thirty old, it is a
big three,qiang in fourty,Life begins at forty,ai in fifty,yin in sixty,lao in seventy,zhi in
eighty,huangzhe,dongli in ninty,qiyi in one hundred.
what's more ,we called the childredhood as zongjiao ,we called the youngster as
sufa,when a girl grown up and wait for marriage at home we called dainian or daizi,we name old
man as baishou and tbe macrobian man as huangfa .
the expression of age in ancient time
there are many different expressions in age in China.we may come across while
reading the ancient writing. now we take some example to analyze:
一，express directly in number
In the ancient people figure one's age with sui,apart from this ,they still use
nian,chi,chunqiu,and so on.if the number is above the ten,it often......