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Course Integration Guide
To Accompany
Biology, 8th edition
By Sylvia S. Mader
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
A View of Life
4
Part I The Cell
2.
Basic Chemistry 4
3.
The Chemistry of Organic Molecules 5
4.
Cell Structure and Function 7
5.
Membrane Structure and Function 9
6.
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 11
7.
Photosynthesis 13
8.
Cellular Respiration 15
Part II
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Genetic Basis of Life
The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction 17
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction 18
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance 20
Chromosomal Patterns of Inheritance 21
DNA Structure and Functions 23
Gene Activity: How Genes Work 24
Regulation of Gene Activity and Gene Mutations
Biotechnology and Genomics 27
Part III
17.
18.
19.
20.
Evolution
Darwin and Evolution 28
Process of Evolution 29
Origin and History of Life 30
Classification of Living Things 31
Part IV
21.
22.
23.
Microbiology and Evolution
Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea
The Protists 34
The Fungi 35
Part V
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Plant Evolution and Biology
Evolution and Diversity of Plants 35
Structure and Organization of Plants 37
Nutrition and Transport in Plants 39
Control of Growth and Responses in Plants
Reproduction in Plants 41
Part VI
29.
30.
31.
32.
Animal Evolution
Introduction to Invertebrates
The Protostomes 44
The Deuterostomes 45
Human Evolution 47
32
40
43
Part VII Comparative Animal Biology
1
26
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
Animal Organization and Homeostasis 47
Circulation 48
Lymph Transport and Immunity 50
Digestion and Nutrition 52
Respiration 54
Body Fluid Regulation and Excretion 55
Neurons and Nervous Systems 57
Sense Organs 59
Support Systems and Locomotion 60
Hormones and the Endocrine System 61
Reproduction 63
Development 64
Part VIII Behavior and Ecology
45.
Animal Behavior 66
46.
Ecology of Populations 67
47.
Community Ecology 68
48.
Ecosystems and Human Interferences
49.
The Biosphere 71
50.
Conservation Biology 72
70
2
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General and Human Biology Essential Study Partner 2.0 CD-ROM
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learning activities. A self-quizzing feature allows students to test their knowledge of a
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Set of 100 electron and photomicrograph slides.
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3
CHAPTER 1-A VIEW OF LIFE
1.1
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How to Define Life
#1 Levels of biological organization
#2 Levels of biological organization
Figure 1.2, Levels of biological
organization, 001.ppt
Intro-Organization:
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1.2
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How the Biosphere Is Organized
#3 A terrestrial ecosystem
#4 A marine ecosystem
1.3
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How Living Things Are Classified
#5 Levels of Classification
#6 Domain Eukarya
1.4
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The Process of Science
#7 The scientific method
#8 Wheat biomass
#9 A field study
#10 Label scientific method diagram
Figure 1.10, Flow diagram for the scientific
method, 002.ppt
Intro: scientific_method.swf
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CHAPTER 2-BASIC CHEMISTRY
2.1
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Chemical Elements
#11 Elements of Earth’s crust and its
organisms
#12 Model of helium
#13 A portion of the periodic table
#14 Carbon atom notation
#15 Bohr models of atoms
Intro-General Chemistry:
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Intro-General Chemistry:
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Elements and Compounds
#16 Formation of sodium chloride
#17 Covalently bonded molecules
#18 Covalently bonded molecules
#19 Water molecule
Figure 2.7, Formation of sodium chloride,
003.ppt
Intro-General Chemistry: ionic_bond.rm
Intro-General Chemistry:
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Intro-General Chemistry:
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Intro-General Chemistry:
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Cells/Chemistry/Bonds
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Chemistry of Water
#20 Temperature and water
#21 Chemistry of Water
#22 NaCl dissolves in water
#23 Polar molecules dissolves in water
#24 Water as a transport medium
#25 Water as ice
#26 When water ionizes
#27 Hydrogen ion concentration and pH
#28 The pH scale
#29 Structural formula of methane
#30 Electron model of nitrogen to
complete
#31 Space-filling model of water to fill in
Intro-General Chemistry:
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Cells/Chemistry/Water
Cells/Chemistry/pH
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CHAPTER 3-THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
3.1
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Organic Molecules
#32 Inorganic Versus Organic Molecules
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#33 Hydrocarbon chain
#34 Hydrocarbon ring compound
#35 Functional groups
#36 Isomers
#37 Macromolecules
#38 Synthesis and degradation of
polymers
Intro-Macromolecule:
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Carbohydrates
#39 Glucose
#40 Sucrose structure
#41 Synthesis and degradation of a
disaccharide
#42 Starch and glycogen structure and
function
#43 Cellulose fibrils
1. Starch granules in plant cells
2. Glycogen granules in liver cells
3. Cellulose in plant cell walls
Figure 3.7, Synthesis and degradation of
maltose, a disaccharide, 004.ppt
Cells/Chemistry/Carbohydrates
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Lipids
#44 Lipids
#45 Fat and fatty acids
#46 Fat and fatty acids
#47 Phospholipids form membranes
#48 Steroid diversity
Intro-Macromolecule:
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Cells/Chemistry/Lipids
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Proteins
#49 Polarity of the peptide bond
#50 Synthesis and degradation of a peptide
#51 Amino acids
#52 Amino acids
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#53 Amino acids
#54 Levels of protein organization
#55 Levels of protein organization
#56 Levels of protein organization
Figure 3.15, Synthesis and degradation of a
peptide, 005.ppt
Intro: Macromolecule:
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Cells/Chemistry/Proteins
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Nucleic Acids
#57 Nucleotides
#58 RNA structure
#59 DNA Structure Compared to RNA
Structure
#60 DNA structure
#61 ATP
#62 Organic Compounds in Cells
#63 Diagrams of bonds
#64 Dehydration and hydrolysis diagram
to label
Cells/Chemistry/Nucleic Acids
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CHAPTER 4-CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
4.1
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Cellular Level of Organization
#65 Sizes of living things and their
components
#66 Surface-area-to-volume relationships
#67 Diagram of microscopes
#68 Diagram of microscopes
#69 Diagram of microscopes
4. Blood vessels and cells, compound light
microscope
5. Blood vessels and cells, transmission
electron microscope
6. Blood vessels and cells, scanning
electron microscope
Cell-Cell Structure and Function:
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Cells/Cell Structures/Surface to Volume
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Prokaryotic Cells
#70 Three shapes of bacteria
#71 Prokaryotic cell
94. Bacillus bacterium
95. Coccus bacterium
96. Spirillum bacterium
Cell-Cell Structure and Function:
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Eukaryotic Cells
#72 Origin of organelles
#73 Plasma membrane
#74 Cell fractionation and differential
centrifugation
#75 Animal cell anatomy
#76 Plant cell anatomy
#77 Anatomy of the nucleus
#78 Function of nucleus and ribosomes
#79 Endoplasmic reticulum
#80 Golgi apparatus
#81 Endomembrane system
#82 Chloroplast structure
#83 Mitochondrion structure
#84 Actin filaments and movement
#85 Microtubules and motor molecules
#86 The cytoskeleton
#87 Centrioles
#88 Structure of cilium or flagellum
#89 Comparison of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
#90 Animal cell to label
7. Animal cell
8. Plant cell
9. Nuclear envelope, A
10. Nuclear envelope, B
11. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
12. Lysosome
13. Golgi apparatus
14. Chloroplast
15. Mitochondrion
16. Actin filament
17. Intermediate filament
18. Microtubule
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19. Centrioles, one pair
20. Centrioles, two pair
21. Basal body cross section
22. Flagellum cross section
23. Prokaryotic cells, nonphotosynthetic
bacterium
24. Prokaryotic cells, cyanobacterium
27. Eukaryotic nucleus
Figure 4.9, The nucleus, ribosomes, and
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 006.ppt
Figure 4.13, Endomembrane system,
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Cell-Cell Structure and Function:
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Cell-Cell Structure and Function:
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Cell-Cell Structure and Function:
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Cell-Cell Structure and Function:
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Cell-Cell Structure and Function:
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Cells/Cell Structures/Eukaryotes
Cells/Cell Structures/Endomembrane
Cells/Cell Structures/Energy Organelles
Cells/Cell Structures/Cytoskeleton
Cells/Cell Structures/Animal Cell Review
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CHAPTER 5-MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
5.1
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Membrane Models
#91 Plasma membrane model
#92 Membrane structure
Cells/Cell Membrane/Membrane Structure
5.2
Plasma Membrane Structure and
Function
#93 Fluid-mosaic model of plasma
membrane structure
#94 Cholesterol in plasma membrane
#95 Integral protein in plasma membrane
#96 Lateral drifting of plasma membrane
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proteins
#97 Membrane protein diversity
#98 Membrane protein diversity
Figure 5.2, Fluid-mosaic model of plasma
membrane structure, 008.ppt
Cells/Cell Membrane/Membrane Structure
Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
#99 Passage of Molecules into and out of
Cell
#100 How molecules cross the plasma
membrane
#101 Process of diffusion
#102 Gas exchange in lungs
#103 Osmosis demonstration
#104 Osmosis in animal and plant cells
#105 Osmosis in animal and plant cells
#106 Facilitated transport
#107 The sodium-potassium pump
#108 Exocytosis
#109 Three methods of endocytosis
25. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
26. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Figure 5.6, Process of diffusion, 009.ppt
Figure 5.8, Osmosis demonstration,
010.ppt
Figure 5.9, Osmosis in animal and plant
cells, 011.ppt
Figure 5.10, Facilitated transport, 012.ppt
Figure 5.12, Exocytosis, 013.ppt
Figure 5.13, Three methods of endocytosis,
014.ppt
Cell-Membrane Structure and Function:
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Cell-Membrane Structure and Function:
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Cell-Membrane Structure and Function:
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Cell-Membrane Structure and Function:
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Cell-Membrane Structure and Function:
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Cells/Cell Membrane/Diffusion
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Cells/Cell Membrane/Facilitated Diffusion
Cells/Cell Membrane/Active Transport
Cells/Cell Membrane/Exo/Endocytosis
Modification of Cell Surfaces
#110 Junctions between cells of the
intestinal wall
#111 Animal cell extracellular matrix
#112 Plasmodesmata
#113 Effect of Osmosis on a Cell
#114 Label hypotonic, hypertonic
solutions
#115 Label plasma membrane diagram
Figure 5.14, Junctions between cells of the
intestinal wall, 015.ppt
Cells/Cell Membrane/Cell Interactions
CHAPTER 6-METABOLISM: ENERGY AND ENZYMES
11
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Cells and the Flow of Energy
#116 Flow of energy
#117 Photosynthesis demonstration
#118 Muscle cells and energy
#119 Cells and entropy
Cell-Energy and Enzymes:
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Cells/Metabolism/Thermodynamics
Metabolic Reactions and Energy
Transformations
#120 The ATP cycle
#121 Coupled reaction
#122 Coupled reactions
Figure 6.3, The ATP cycle, 016.ppt
Cell-Energy and Enzymes:
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Cells/Metabolism/Coupled Reactions
Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
#123 Energy of activation (Ea)
#124 Enzymatic action
#125 Induced fit model
#126 Enzymes Named for Their Substrate
#127 Effect of temperature on rate of
reaction
#128 Effect of pH on rate of reaction
#129 Phosphorylation
#130 Feedback inhibition
Figure 6.6, Enzymatic action, 017.ppt
Figure 6.10, Feedback inhibition, 018.ppt
Cell-Energy and Enzymes:
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Cell-Energy and Enzymes:
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Oxidation–Reduction and the Flow of
Energy
#131 Electron transport system
#132 Chemiosmosis
#133 Label enzyme action
#134 Label chemiosmosis
Figure 6.12, Chemiosmosis, 019.ppt
Cell-Cell Respiration:
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Cell-Cell Respiration:
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Cell-Cell Respiration:
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Cells/Respiration/Electron Transport
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CHAPTER 7-PHOTOSYNTHESIS
7.1
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Photosynthetic Organisms
#135 Leaves and photosynthesis
14. Chloroplast
24. Prokaryotic cells, cyanobacterium
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Plants as Solar Energy Converters
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#136 Photosynthetic pigments and
photosynthesis
#137 Overview of photosynthesis
Cell-Photosynthesis: 1_photosynthesis.rm
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Cell-Photosynthesis:
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Cell-Photosynthesis:
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Cells/Photosynthesis/Light and Pigments
Light Reactions
#138 The light reactions: the noncyclic
electron pathway
#139 The Calvin cycle reactions: the
cyclic electron pathway
#140 Organization of a thylakoid
#141 Organization of a thylakoid
Figure 7.5, Noncyclic electron pathway:
Electrons move from water to NADP+,
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Cells/Photosynthesis/Light Independent
Calvin Cycle Reactions
#142 The Calvin cycle reactions (in detail)
#143 Reduction of carbon dioxide
#144 Regeneration of RuBP
Figure 7.8, The Calvin cycle reactions,
021.ppt
Cell-Photosynthesis: the_Calvin_cycle.swf
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Other Types of Photosynthesis
#145 Comparing C3 and C4 mesophyll
cells
#146 CO2 fixation in C3 and C4 plants
#147 CO2 fixation in a CAM plant
#148 Label chloroplast diagram
#149 Label photosynthesis
Figure 7.10, 7.11, Carbon dioxide fixation
in C3, C4, and CAM plants, 022.ppt
Cells/Photosynthesis/Photorespiration
CHAPTER 8-CELLULAR RESPIRATION
8.1
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Cellular Respiration
#150 Oxidation/reduction
#151 The NAD+ cycle
#152 Complete glucose breakdown
Cells/Respiration/Introduction
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Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis
#153 Glycolysis
#154 Substrate-level phosphorylation
#155 Glycolysis
Cell-Cell Respiration: 1_glycolysis.swf
Cell-Cell Respiration: 2_glycolysis.swf
Cell-Cell Respiration:
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Inside the Mitochondria
#156 Mitochondrion structure and function
#157 Transition reaction
#158 Citric acid cycle
#159 Citric acid cycle inputs and outputs
#160 The electron transport system
#161 Organization of cristae
#162 Energy yield of glucose molecule
#163 Air pollution
15. Mitochondrion
15
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Figure 8.6, Citric acid cycle, 023.ppt
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Fermentation
#164 Fermentation
#165 Fermentation inputs and outputs
Figure 8.10, Fermentation, 024.ppt
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Metabolic Pool
#166 The metabolic pool concept
#167 Label mitochondrion
Cells/Respiration/Summary
Cells/Respiration/Other Nutrients
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CHAPTER 9-THE CELL CYCLE AND CELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
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The Cell Cycle
#168 The cell cycle
#169 Apoptosis
#170 Levels of chromosome structure
91. Apoptosis
Figure 9.1, The cell cycle, 025.ppt
Principles of Inheritance-Cell Division:
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Genetics/Cell Division/Introduction
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
#171 Diploid Chromosome Numbers of
Some Eukaryotes
#172 Duplicated chromosomes
#173 Phases of mitosis in animal cells
#174 Phases of mitosis in animal cells
#175 Cytokinesis in animal cells
#176 Cytokinesis in plant cells
27. Eukaryotic nucleus
28. Late interphase (animal cell)
29. Early prophase (animal cell)
30. Late prophase (animal cell)
31. Metaphase (animal cell)
32. Anaphase (animal cell)
33. Telophase (animal cell)
34. Prophase (plant cell)
35. Metaphase (plant cell)
36. Anaphase (plant cell)
37. Telophase (plant cell)
38. Cytokinesis (plant cell)
39. Cytokinesis (animal cell)
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Genetics/Cell Division/Chromosomes
Genetics/Cell Division/Mitosis/Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle and Cancer
#177 Cancer Cells Versus Normal Cells
#178 Causes of cancer
Principles of Inheritance-Changes in
Genetic Message: causes_of_cancer.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Cell Division:
control_of_cell_cycle.swf
Prokaryotic Cell Division
#179 Binary fission
#180 Cell division in unicellular
organisms
#181 Cell division in multicellular
organisms
#182 Functions of Cell Division
#183 Label prophase
Principles of Inheritance-Cell Division:
binary_fission.swf
CHAPTER 10-MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
10.1
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Halving the Chromosome Number
#184 Homologous chromosomes
#185 Overview of meiosis
Figure 10.2, Overview of meiosis, 026.ppt
Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
1_overview_of_meiosis.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
2_overview_of_meiosis.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
3_overview_of_meiosis.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
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Genetic Recombination
#186 Crossing-over occurs during meiosis
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#187 Independent assortment
Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
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Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
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Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
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Genetics/Cell Division/Recombination
The Phases of Meiosis
#188 Meiosis I
#189 Meiosis II
Figure 10.6, Meiosis I, 027.ppt
Figure 10.7, Meiosis II, 028.ppt
Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
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Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
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Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
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Principles of Inheritance-Meiosis:
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Genetics/Cell Division/Meiosis
Comparison of Meiosis with Mitosis
#190 Comparison of Meiosis I with
Mitosis
#191 Comparison of Meiosis II with
Mitosis
#192 Meiosis compared to mitosis
28. Late interphase (animal cell)
29. Early prophase (animal cell)
30. Late prophase (animal cell)
31. Metaphase (animal cell)
32. Anaphase (animal cell)
33. Telophase (animal cell)
Genetics/Cell Division/Review of Cell
Division
19
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The Human Life Cycle
#193 Life cycle of humans
#194 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis in
mammals
#195 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis in
mammals
#196 Metaphase question
Figure 10.10, Spermatogenesis and
oogenesis in mammals, 029.ppt
Animal Biology-Reproduction and
Development: oogenesis.rm
Animal Biology-Reproduction and
Development: spermatogenesis.rm
Genetics/Cell Division/Evolution of Sex
CHAPTER 11-MENDELIAN PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
11.1
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Gregor Mendel
#197 Garden pea anatomy and traits
#198 Garden pea anatomy and traits
Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
MendelsExperimental_design.swf
Genetics/Classical Genetics/Introduction
One-Trait Inheritance
#199 Monohybrid cross done by Mendel
#200 Homologous chromosomes
#201 Genotype Versus Phenotype
#202 Genetic inheritance in humans
#203 Testcross
Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Genetics/Classical Genetics/Monohybrid
Cross
Two-Trait Inheritance
#204 Dihybrid cross done by Mendel
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#205 Segregation and independent
assortment
#206 Inheritance in fruit flies
#207 Testcross
Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Genetics/Classical Genetics/Dihybrid
Cross
11.4
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Human Genetic Disorders
#208 Patterns of inheritance
#209 Autosomal recessive pedigree chart
#210 Autosomal dominant pedigree chart
11.5
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Beyond Mendelian Genetics
#211 Incomplete dominance
#212 Inheritance of blood type
#213 Polygenic inheritance
#214 Seed color in wheat
#215 Coat color in Himalayan rabbits
#216 Pedigree chart to label
Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
ABO_blood_types.rm
Genetics/Classical Genetics/Beyond
Mendel
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CHAPTER 12-CHROMOSOMAL PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
12.1
Chromosomal Inheritance
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#217 Sex chromosomal inheritance
#218 X-linked alleles
#219 X-linked alleles
#220 Drosophila
#221 X-linked inheritance
#222 X-linked recessive pedigree chart
#223 X-linked inheritance of hemophilia
#224 Fragile X syndrome
Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Genetics/Chromosomes/Introduction
Genetics/Chromosomes/Sex Chromosomes
Gene Linkage
#225 Linkage group
#226 Crossing-over
#227 Chromosome map
#228 Complete linkage versus incomplete
linkage
Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
linkage_groups.swf
Genetics/Chromosomes/Sex Chromosomes
Changes in Chromosome Number
#229 Polyploidy
#230 Nondisjunction followed by
fertilization
#231 Trisomy 21
#232 Syndromes from Abnormal
Chromosome Numbers
#233 Human karyotype
Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Genetics/Chromosomes/Abnormal
Chromosomes
Changes in Chromosome Structure
#234 Types of chromosomal mutations
#235 Inversion
#236 Deletion
#237 Translocation
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#238 Pedigree chart
Principles of Inheritance-Changes in
Genetic Message: mutations.rm
Principles of Inheritance-Changes in
Genetic Message: inversion.mov
Principles of Inheritance-Changes in
Genetic Message: gene_conversion.mov
Genetics/Chromosomes/Abnormal
Chromosomes
CHAPTER 13-DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
13.1
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The Genetic Material
#239 Griffith’s transformation experiment
#240 Bacteria and bacteriophages
#241 Hershey and Chase experiments
Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
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13.2
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The Structure of DNA
#242 Nucleotide composition of DNA
#243 Nucleotide composition of DNA
#244 Variation in base sequence
#245 X-ray diffraction of DNA
#246 Watson and Crick model of DNA
#247 Watson and Crick model of DNA
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation:
complementary_base_pairing.swf
Principles of Inheritance-DNA Genetic
Material: DNA_structure.rm
Principles of Inheritance-DNA Genetic
Material: condensed_DNA.swf
Principles of Inheritance-DNA Genetic
Material: antiparallel_DNA_strands.swf
Principles of Inheritance-DNA Genetic
Material: DNA_packaging.rm
Genetics/DNA/DNA Structure
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Replication of DNA
#248 Semiconservative replication
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(simplified)
#249 Meselson and Stahl’s DNA
replication experiment
#250 Meselson and Stahl’s DNA
replication experiment
#251 DNA replication (in depth)
#252 DNA replication (in depth)
#252 DNA replication (in depth)
#254 Prokaryotic versus eukaryotic
replication
#255 Label semiconservative replication
of DNA
Principles of Inheritance-DNA Genetic
Material:
3_DNA_replication_overview.swf
Principles of Inheritance-DNA Genetic
Material: 4_DNA_replication_steps.swf
Principles of Inheritance-DNA Genetic
Material: 1_DNA_replication.rm
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Material: 2_DNA_replication.swf
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Material: semiconservative_replication.swf
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Material: replication_comparison.swf
Principles of Inheritance-DNA Genetic
Material: 1DNA_repair.swf
Principles of Inheritance-DNA Genetic
Material: 2DNA_repair.rm
Genetics/DNA/DNA Replication
CHAPTER 14-GENE ACTIVITY: HOW GENES WORK
14.1
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The Function of Genes
#256 Beadle and Tatum experiment
#257 Hemoglobin electrophoresis
#258 Sickle-cell disease in humans
#259 RNA Structure Compared to DNA
Structure
#260 Structure of RNA
#261 Overview of gene expression
88. Sickled red blood cells
Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
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Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation:
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Genetics/Protein Synthesis/Gene Activity
14.2
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The Genetic Code
#262 Genetic code is a triplet code
#263 Messenger RNA codons
14.3
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The First Step: Transcription
#264 Transcription
#265 RNA polymerase
#266 Messenger RNA (mRNA) processing
in eukaryotes
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: 1_transcription.rm
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: 2_transcription.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: 3_transcription_factors.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: 4_transcription_of_RNA.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation:
mRNA_processing_eukaryotes.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: eukaryotic_transcription.mov
Genetics/Protein Synthesis/Transcription
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The Second Step: Translation
#267 Structure of a transfer RNA (tRNA)
#268 Ribosome structure and function
#269 Protein synthesis-Initiation
#270 Protein synthesis-Elongation
#271 Protein synthesis-Termination
#272 Summary of gene expression in
eukaryotes
#273 DN molecule segment
90. Polyribosome
Figure 14.11, Protein synthesis, 030.ppt
Figure 14.12, Summary of gene expression
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in eukaryotes, 031.ppt
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: 1_translation.rm
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Translation: 2_translation.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: beginning_translation.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: protein_synthesis.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: translating_a_polypeptide.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Transcription and
Translation: polyribosome.rm
Genetics/Protein Synthesis/Translation
CHAPTER 15-REGULATION OF GENE ACTIVITY AND GENE
MUTATIONS
15.1
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Prokaryotic Regulation
#274 Operon model
#275 The trp operon
#276 The lac operon
#277 Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
#278 Action of CAP
Principles of Inheritance-Control of Gene
Expression: 1_lactose_operon.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Control of Gene
Expression: 2_lactose operon.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Control of Gene
Expression: 3_lactose_operon.mov
Principles of Inheritance-Control of Gene
Expression:
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Principles of Inheritance-Control of Gene
Expression:
2regulat_of_E_coli_lac_operon.rm
Principles of Inheritance-Control of Gene
Expression: trp_attenuation.mov
Principles of Inheritance-Control of Gene
Expression: gene_expression_control.swf
Genetics/Protein Synthesis/Gene
Regulation
26
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Eukaryotic Regulation
#279 Levels of gene expression control
#280 X-inactivation in mammalian
females
#281 Levels of chromatin structure
#282 Levels of chromatin structure
#283 Lampbrush chromosomes
#284 Transcription factors
#285 Processing of mRNA transcripts
89. Barr bodies
92. Lampbrush chromosomes
Principles of Inheritance-Control of Gene
Expression: transcription_factors_2.swf
Genetics/Protein Synthesis/Gene
Regulation
Genetic Mutations
#286 Point mutation
#287 A metabolic pathway in cells
#288 Carcinogenesis
#289 Thymine dimers
#290 Transposon
#291 Label operon diagram
Genetics/Protein Synthesis/Translation
CHAPTER 16-BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS
16.1
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DNA Cloning
#292 Cloning a human gene
#293 Recombinant DNA technology
#294 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Figure 16.1, Cloning a human gene,
032.ppt
Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
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Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
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Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
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Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
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Genetics/Recombinant DNA/Technology
Biotechnology Products
#295 Transgenic mammals
Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
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Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
southern_hybridization.mov
Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
colony_hybridization.mov
Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
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Genetics/Recombinant DNA/Applications
The Human Genome Project
#296 Genetic map of chromosome 17
Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
genomic_library.swf
Genetics/Recombinant DNA/Applications
Gene Therapy
#297 Ex vivo gene therapy in humans
#298 DNA cut by restriction enzyme
#299 Label gene therapy diagrams
Principles of Inheritance-Biotechnology:
ex_vivo_gene.swf
Genetics/Recombinant DNA/Applications
CHAPTER 17-DARWIN AND EVOLUTION
17.1
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History of Evolutionary Thought
#300 Voyage of the HMS Beagle
#301 Contrast of Worldviews
Evolution/History/Introduction
Evolution/History/Voyage of the Beagle
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
#302 Formation of sedimentary rock
#303 A glyptodont compared to an
armadillo
#304 Biogeographical regions
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
rock_formation.swf
Evolution/History/Natural Selection
Evidence for Evolution
#305 Evolutionary history of Equus
#306 Phyletic gradualism versus
punctuated equilibrium
#307 Significance of structural similarities
#308 Significance of biochemical
differences
Evolution-Evolution:
evolutionary_history_of_Equus.swf
Evolution-Evolution:
biochemical_differences.swf
Evolution/History/Evidence for Evolution
CHAPTER 18-PROCESS OF EVOLUTION
18.1
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Evolution in a Genetic Context
#309 Darwin’s finches are quite varied
#310 Punnett square for a population
#311 Calculating gene pool frequencies
using the Hardy-Weinberg equation
#312 Industrial melanism and
microevolution
#313 Gene flow
#314 Genetic drift
Evolution-Population Genetics:
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Evolution-Evolution: microevolution.swf
Evolution-Population Genetics:
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Evolution-Evolution: genetic_drift.swf
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Evolution/Processes/Other Processes
Evolution/Processes/Variation
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Evolution/History of Life/Evolutionary
Trends
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Natural Selection
#315 Directional selection
#316 Stabilizing selection
#317 Disruptive selection
#318 Diploidy and the heterozygote
#319 Sickle-cell disease
#320 Effects of the sickle-cell genotypes
88. Sickled red blood cells
Principles of Inheritance-Genetics:
sickle-cell_disease.swf
Evolution/Processes/Natural Selection
Evolution/Processes/Types of Selection
Evolution/Processes/Variation
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Speciation
#321 Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
#322 Temporal isolation
#323 Allopatric versus sympatric
speciation
#324 Adaptive radiation in Hawaiian
honeycreepers
#325 Distribution of phenotypes diagrams
Evolution-Evolution: speciation.swf
Evolution-Evolution:
allopatric_speciation.swf
Evolution/Speciation/Introduction
Evolution/Speciation/Allopatric Speciation
Evolution/Speciation/Sympatric Speciation
CHAPTER 19-ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF LIFE
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Origin of Life
#326 Stanley Miller’s apparatus and
experiment
#327 Origin of the first cell(s)
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
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History of Life
#328 The Geological Timescale
#329 Prokaryote fossil of the Precambrian
Evolution-Evolution: molecular_clock.rm
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
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Evolution/History of Life/Fossils
Evolution/History of Life/Key Events
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Factors That Influence Evolution
#330 Continental drift
#331 Plate tectonics
#332A Mass extinctions
#332B Mass extinctions
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
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Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
1_plate_tectonics.swf
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
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Evolution/History of Life/Continental
Drift
Evolution/History of Life/Extinctions
CHAPTER 20-CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
20.1
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Taxonomy
#333 Taxonomy hierarchy
#334 Hierarchy of the Taxa to Which
Humans Are Assigned
Evolution/Speciation/Constructing
Phylogenies
Phylogenetic Trees
#335 Classification and phylogeny
#336 Classification and phylogeny
#337 Evolution of orb web
#338 Ancestry of giant pandas
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#339 Genetic data
Animal Biology-Animal General Biology:
classification_and_phylogeny.swf
Animal Biology-Animal General Biology:
genetic_data.swf
Evolution-Evolution: molecular_clock.rm
Evolution/Speciation/Constructing
Phylogenies
Diversity/Classification/Phylogeny
Systematics Today
#340 Constructing a cladogram
#341 Terms Used in Cladistics
#342 Alternate, simplified cladograms
#343 Traditional versus cladistics view of
reptilian phylogeny
Evolution/Speciation/Constructing
Phylogenies
Classification Systems
#344 The traditional five-kingdom system
of classification
#345 Relationship of bacteria, Archaea,
and Eukarya
#346 Major Distinctions Among the Three
Domains of Life
#347 Classification Criteria for the Three
Domains
#348 Phylogenetic tree to label
#349 Cladogram questions
Animal Biology-Animal General Biology:
five-kingdom_classification.swf
Diversity/Classification/Hierarchies
Diversity/Classification/Kingdoms
Diversity/Classification/Three Domains
Diversity/Classification/Phylogeny
CHAPTER 21-VIRUSES, BACTERIA, AND ARCHAEA
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The Viruses
#350 Summary of viral structure
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#351 DNA virus with polyhedral capsid
and fiber at each corner
#352 DNA virus with polyhedral head and
a helical tail
#353 RNA virus with a helical capsid
#354 RNA virus with a helical capsid,
spiked envelope
#355 Comparison of Viruses and
Prokaryotes
#356 Lytic and lysogenic cycles in
prokaryotes
#357 Reproduction of the retrovirus HIV-1
93. Adenovirus
Figure 21.3, Lytic and lysogenic cycles in
prokaryotes, 033.ppt
Diversity-Viruses: life_cycle_of_HIV.swf
Diversity-Viruses:
reproduction_of_HIV-1.swf
Diversity-Prokaryotes:
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Diversity/Viruses/Characteristics
Diversity/Viruses/Life Cycles
The Prokaryotes
#358 Pasteur’s experiment
#359 Flagella
#360 Summary of prokaryotic cell
structure
#361 Binary fission diagram
22. Flagellum cross section
23. Prokaryotic cells, nonphotosynthetic
bacterium
24. Prokaryotic cells, cyanobacterium
97. Endospore
Diversity-Prokaryotes:
prokaryote_structure.swf
Principles of Inheritance-Cell Division:
binary_fission.swf
The Bacteria
#362 Major Phylogenetic Groups of
Bacteria
#363 Major Phylogenetic Groups of
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Bacteria
#364 Diversity among the cyanobacteria
23. Prokaryotic cells, nonphotosynthetic
bacterium
24. Prokaryotic cells, cyanobacterium
94. Bacillus bacterium
95. Coccus bacterium
96. Spirillum bacterium
Diversity/Bacteria/Characteristics
Diversity/Bacteria/Diversity
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The Archaea
#365 Viral Diseases in Humans
#366 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
#367 Bacteriophage reproductive cycles
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CHAPTER 22-THE PROTISTS
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General Biology of Protists
#368 Origin of the eukaryotic cell
#369 Classification table: Kingdom
Protista
Diversity/Protists/Characteristics
Diversity of Protists
#370 Reproduction in Chlamydomonas
#371 Spirogyra
#372 Brown algae
#373 Common life cycles in sexual
reproduction
#374 Dinoflagellates
#375 Euglena
#376 Zooflagellates
#377 Some Protozoans
#378 Protists with pseudopods
#379 Ciliates
#380 Life cycle of Plasmodium vivax
#381 Plasmodial slime molds
#382 Diagram Chlamydomonas life cycle
98. Paramecium, S.E.M.
Diversity-Protists: Chlamydomonas.swf
34
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ESP
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Diversity-Protists:
Plasmodium_vivax_life_cycle.swf
Diversity-Protists: sarcodines.swf
Diversity/Protists/Protozoa
Diversity/Protists/Photosynthetic
Diversity/Protists/Fungus-like
CHAPTER 23-THE FUNGI
23.1
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ESP
Characteristics of Fungi
#383 Mycelium of fungi
#384 Fungal sexual reproduction
Diversity/Fungi/Characteristics
23.2
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ESP
Evolution of Fungi
#385 Classification table: Kingdom Fungi
#386 Certain Protists Compared to Fungi
#387 Black bread mold, Rhizopus
stolonifer
#388 Sac fungi
#389 Sac fungi
#390 Ascus with ascospores
#391 Club fungi
#392 Club fungi
#393 Basidium with basidiospores
Diversity-Fungi:
bread_mold_life_cycle.swf
Diversity-Fungi: club_fungi.swf
Diversity/Fungi/Diversity
23.3
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Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
#394 Lichen morphology
#395 Label black bread mold diagram
#396 Label life cycle of a mushroom
Diversity-Fungi: lichen_morphology.swf
Diversity/Fungi/Diversity
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CHAPTER 24-EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF PLANTS
35
24.1
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ESP
24.2
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Evolutionary History of Plants
#397 Chara
#398 Evolutionary history of plants
#399 Alternation of generations
#400 Reduction in the size of the
gametophyte
Figure 24.3, Alternation of generations,
034.ppt
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
alternation_of_generations.swf
Diversity/Plants/Introduction
Diversity/Plants/Summary
ESP
Nonvascular Plants
#401 Evolutionary tree: Nonvascular
plants
#402 Hornwort (Anthoceros sp.)
#403 Liverwort, Marchantia
#404 Moss life cycle
Diversity-Plant Diversity:
moss_life_cycle.swf
Diversity/Plants/Non-vascular Plants
24.3
Transparency
Vascular Plants
#405 Cooksonian fossil
24.4
Transparency
Seedless Vascular Plants
#406 Evolutionary tree: Seedless vascular
plants
#407 Club moss, Lycopodium
#408 Horsetail, Equisetum
#409 Whisk fern, Psilotum
#410 Evolution of megaphylls
#411 Fern life cycle
Figure 24.16, Fern life cycle, 035.ppt
Diversity-Plant Diversity:
fern_life_cycle.swf
Diversity/Plants/Vascular-seedless I
Diversity/Plants/Vascular-seedless II
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36
24.5
Seed Plants
24.6
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Gymnosperms
#412 Evolutionary tree: Gymnosperms
#413 Pine life cycle
#414 Swamp forest of the Carboniferous
period
99. Pine megaspore and pollen grains
Figure 24.18, Pine life cycle, 036.ppt
Diversity-Plant Diversity:
pine_life_cycle.swf
Diversity/Plants/Gymnosperms
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24.7
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Angiosperms
#415 Evolutionary tree: Angiosperms
#416 Monocots and Eudicots
#417 Other Flower Terminology
#418 Generalized flower
#419 Flowering plant life cycle
#420 Flowering plant life cycle
#421 Alternation of generations diagram
Diversity-Plant Diversity:
flowering_plant_life_cycle.swf
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
alternation_of_generations.swf
Diversity/Plants/Angiosperms
CHAPTER 25-STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS
25.1
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Plant Organs
#422 Organization of plant body
Plants/Plant Organs/Introduction
25.2
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Monocot Versus Eudicot Plants
#423 Flowering plants are either monocots
or eudicots
#424 Eudicot venation: Pinnate or palmate
Figure 25.3, Flowering plants are either
monocots or eudicots, 037.ppt
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25.3
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Plant Tissues
#425 Xylem structure
#425 Phloem structure
40. Dermal tissue
41. Ground tissue, parenchyma cells
42. Ground tissue, sclerenchyma cells
43. Vascular tissue, xylem
44. Vascular tissue, phloem
45. Vascular cylinder
Plants/Plant Tissues/Meristems
Plants/Plant Tissues/Ground Tissue
Plants/Plant Tissues/Dermal Tissue
Plants/Plant Tissues/Vascular Tissue
25.4
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Organization of Roots
#427 Eudicot root tip
#428 Eudicot root tip
46. Branch root
47. Cross section of monocot root
Plant Biology-Plant Structure:
dicot_root_tip.swf
Plants/Plant Organs/Roots
ESP
25.5
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Organization of Stems
#429 Shoot tip and primary meristems
#430 Diagrams of secondary growth of
stems
#431 Diagrams of secondary growth of
stems
#432 Tree trunk
#433 Stem diversity
48. Stem tip
49. Herbaceous dicot stem
50. Monocot stem
Figure 25.17, Stem diversity, 038.ppt
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
girth_increase_woody_dictos.rm
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
secondary_growth_of_stems.swf
38
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Plants/Plant Organs/Stems
Plants/Plant Organs/Secondary Growth
25.6
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Organization of Leaves
#434 Leaf structure
#435 Classification of leaves
#436 Label root
#437 Label leaf
51. Leaf structure
Figure 25.19, Classification of leaves,
039.ppt
Plant Biology-Plant Structure:
leaf_structure.swf
Plants/Plant Organs/Leaves
LSA CD-ROM
ESP
CHAPTER 26-NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
26.1
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26.2
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ESP
26.3
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Plant Nutrition and Soil
#438 Some Essential Inorganic Nutrients
in Plants
#439 Absorbing minerals
#440 Simplified soil profile
Ecology/Biosphere/Soils
Water and Mineral Uptake
#441 Water and mineral uptake
Figure 26.5, Water and mineral uptake,
040.ppt
Plant Biology-Plant Transport:
water_and_mineral_uptake.swf
Plant Biology-Plant Transport:
absorbing_minerals.swf
Plants/Transport & Nutrition/Uptake by
Roots
Plants/Transport & Nutrition/Water
Movement
Transport Mechanisms in Plants
#442 Plant transport system
#443 Water potential and turgor pressure
39
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#444 Cohesion-tension model of xylem
transport
#445 Opening and closing of stomata
#446 Pressure-flow model
#447 Pressure-flow model of phloem
transport
#448 Experiment demonstrating
transpiration
#449 Label H2O and K+ ions in stomata
#450 Pressure-flow diagram
52. Tracheids
53. Vessel elements
54. Open stomate
55. Closed stomate
Figure 26.11, Cohesion-tension model of
xylem transport, 041.ppt
Figure 26.14, Pressure-flow model of
phloem transport, 042.ppt
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
effect_of_water_on_leaves.rm
Plant Biology-Plant Structure:
opening_closing_stomata.swf
Plant Biology-Plant Transport:
cohesion-tension_model.swf
Plant Biology-Plant Transport:
pressure-flow_model.swf
Plant Biology-Plant Transport:
vascular_system_of_plants.rm
Plants/Transport & Nutrition/Uptake by
Roots
Plants/Transport & Nutrition/Water
Movement
Plants/Transport & Nutrition/Nutrients
CHAPTER 27-CONTROL OF GROWTH AND RESPONSES IN
PLANTS
27.1
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Plant Responses
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
demonstrating_phototropism.swf
Plants/Plant Response/Introduction
Plants/Plant Response/Plant Movement
40
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Plant Hormones
#451 Demonstrating phototropism
#452 Auxin structure and mode of action
#453 Gibberellic acid structure and mode
of action
#454 Structure of zeatin
#455 Control of stoma opening
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
auxin_and_plant_growth.swf
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
auxin_mode_of_action.swf
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
gibberellin_mode_of_action.swf
Plant Biology-Plant Structure:
opening_closing_stomata.swf
Plants/Plant Response/Hormones
27.3
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Photoperiodism
#456 Photoperiodism and flowering
#457 Phytochrome conversion cycle
#458 Label stoma diagram
Plants/Plant Response/Photoperiod
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CHAPTER 28-REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
28.1
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Reproductive Strategies
#459 Alternation of generations in
flowering plants
#460 Anatomy of a flower
#461 Simple and fused carpels
#462 Life cycle of a flowering plant
Figure 28.1, Alternation of generations in
flowering plants, 043.ppt
Figure 28.5, Life cycle of a flowering plant,
044.ppt
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
alternation_of_generations.swf
Diversity-Plant Diversity:
flowering_plant_life_cycle.swf
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
fertilization.swf
41
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Plants/Reproduction/Angiosperms
Plants/Reproduction/Gamete Formation
Plants/Reproduction/Fertilization
Diversity/Plants/Life Cycles
Diversity/Plants/Gamete Formations
Diversity/Plants/Fertilization
28.2
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Seed Development
#463 Development of a eudicot embryo
#464 Monocot versus eudicot
Figure 28.7, Development of a eudicot
embryo, 045.ppt
Plant Biology-Plant General Biology:
development_dicot_embryo.swf
Plants/Reproduction/Embryos and Seeds
Diversity/Plants/Embryos and Seeds
LSA CD-ROM
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28.3
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ESP
ESP
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Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
#465 Pea flower and development of a pea
pod
#466 Kinds of Fruit
#467 Common garden bean seed structure
and germination
#468 Corn kernel structure and
germination
#469 Overall appearance of Arabidopsis
thaliana
Figure 28.11, Common garden bean seed
structure and germination, 046.ppt
Figure 28.12, Corn kernel structure and
germination, 047.ppt
Plant Biology-Plant Structure:
bean_structure_germination.swf
Plants/Reproduction/Embryos and Seeds
Plants/Reproduction/Fruits
Plants/Reproduction/Germination
Diversity/Plants/Embryos and Seeds
Diversity/Plants/Fruits
Diversity/Plants/Germination
28.4
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
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42
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#470 Transgenic crops of the future
Plants/Reproduction/Asexual
Diversity/Plants/Asexual Reproduction
CHAPTER 29-INTRODUCTION TO INVERTEBRATES
29.1
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29.2
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29.3
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Evolution of Animals
#471 Phylogenetic tree of the animal
kingdom
Diversity-Introductory Material:
symmetry_in_nature.rm
Diversity-Invertebrates:
animal_phylogenetic_tree.swf
Diversity/Invertebrates/Characteristics
Multicellularity
#472 Phylogenetic tree: Sponges
#473 Simple sponge anatomy
#474 Classification table: Kingdom
Animalia
Diversity-Invertebrates:
simple_sponge_anatomy.swf
Diversity/Invertebrates/Sponges
True Tissue Layers
#475 Radial and bilateral symmetry in
animals
#476 Phylogenetic tree: Cnidarians
#477 Cnidarian diversity
#478 Anatomy of Hydra
#479 Hydra movement
#480 Obelia structure and life cycle
Diversity-Introductory Material:
symmetry_in_nature.rm
Diversity-Invertebrates:
anatomy_of_Hydra.swf
Diversity-Invertebrates:
Obelia_structure_life_cycle.swf
Diversity/Invertebrates/Radial Phyla
43
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29.5
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Bilateral Symmetry
#481 Sac and tube-within-a-tube body
plans
#482 Phylogenetic tree: Flatworms
#483 Planarian anatomy
#484 Transmission of Schistosomiasis
#485 Life cycle of a tapeworm, Taenia
#486 Free-living Flatworms Versus
Parasitic Flatworms
#487 Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and
coelomates comparison
100. Planarian, Dugesia
Diversity/Invertebrates/Bilateral/No
Coelom
Tube-within-a-Tube
#488 Phylogenetic tree: Roundworms and
rotifers
#489 Roundworm anatomy
#490 Label cnidarian polyp diagram
Diversity-Invertebrates:
roundworm_anatomy.swf
Diversity/Invertebrates/Pseudocoelomates
CHAPTER 30-THE PROTOSTOMES
30.1
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30.2
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Advantages of Coelom in Protostomes
and Deuterostomes
#491 Protostomes compared to
deuterostomes
#492 Classification table: Kingdom
Animalia
Figure 30.1. Protostomes compared to
deuterostomes, 048.ppt
Mulluscs
#493 Phylogenetic tree: Molluscs
#494 Body plan of molluscs
#495 Bivalve diversity
#496 Cephalopod diversity
#497 Gastropod diversity
44
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30.4
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#498 Torsion in gastropods
Diversity-Invertebrates:
bivalve_diversity.swf
Diversity/Invertebrates/Molluscs
Annelids
#499 Phylogenetic tree: Annelids
#500 Polychaete diversity
#501 Earthworm, Lumbricus
Diversity-Invertebrates:
earthworm_morphology.swf
Diversity/Invertebrates/Annelids
Arthropods
#502 Phylogenetic tree: Arthropods
#503 Arthropod skeleton and eye
#504 Biramous appendages on crustaceans
#505 Male crayfish, Cambarus
#506 Two types of insect mouthparts
#507 Female grasshopper, Romalea
#508 Centipede and millipede
#509 Chelicerate diversity
#510 Label grasshopper diagram
Diversity-Invertebrates:
crayfish_morphology.swf
Diversity-Invertebrates:
grasshopper_morphology.swf
Diversity/Invertebrates/Arthropods
CHAPTER 31-THE DEUTEROSTOMES
31.1
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Echinoderms
#511 Phylogenetic tree: Echinoderms
#512 Echinoderms
Diversity-Invertebrates: echinoderms.swf
Diversity/Invertebrates/Echinoderms
31.2
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Chordates
#513 Phylogenetic tree: Chordates
#514 Four basic characteristics of
45
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31.3
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chordates
#515 Lancelet, Branchiostoma
#516 Sea squirt, Halocynthia
#517 Phylogenetic tree: Invertebrate
chordates
#518 Phylogenetic tree of the chordates
Diversity-Invertebrates:
lancelet_morphology.swf
Diversity-Vertebrates:
chordate_phylogenetic_tree.swf
Diversity/Invertebrates/Chordates
Vertebrates
#519 Phylogenetic tree: Vertebrates
#520 Phylogenetic tree: Fishes
#521 Evolution of jaws
#522 Ray-finned fishes
#523 Lobe-finned fish versus amphibian
#524 Phylogenetic tree: Amphibians
#525 Locomotion of salamanders and
newts
#526 Vertebrate circulatory systems
#527 Phylogenetic tree: Reptiles
#528 Phylogenetic tree
#529 Reptilian diversity
#530 Reptilian anatomy
#531 Viper characteristics
#532 Bird anatomy and flight
#533 Bird anatomy and flight
#534 Phylogenetic tree: Birds
#535 Phylogenetic tree: Mammals
#536 Label chordate embryo
Diversity-Vertebrates: rayfinned_fishes.swf
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
evolution_of_fish_jaws.rm
Diversity-Vertebrates:
reptilian_diversity.swf
Diversity/Vertebrates/Introduction
Diversity/Vertebrates/Fish
Diversity/Vertebrates/Amphibians
Diversity/Vertebrates/Reptiles
Diversity/Vertebrates/Birds
Diversity/Vertebrates/Mammals
46
CHAPTER 32-HUMAN EVOLUTION
32.1
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32.2
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32.3
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Evolution of Primates
#537 Evolution of primate hand
#538 Binocular vision
#539 Phylogenetic tree of primates
#540 Monkey skeleton compared to
Proconsul skeleton
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
binocular_vision.swf
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
skeleton_comparison.swf
Evolution/Human Evolution/Primates
Evolution of Hominids
#541 Classification table: Primates
#542 Human evolution
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
origin_of_modern_humans.swf
Evolution/Human Evolution/Hominid
History
Evolution of Modern Humans
#543 Evolution of modern humans
#544 Out of Africa diagram to label
Evolution-Origin and History of Life:
origin_of_modern_humans.swf
Evolution/Human Evolution/Hominid
History
CHAPTER 33-ANIMAL ORGANIZATION AND HOMEOSTASIS
33.1
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Types of Tissues
#545 Levels of organization
#546 Types of epithelial tissues in
vertebrates
#547 Blood, a liquid tissue
#548 Components of Blood Plasma
47
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#549 Muscular tissue
#550 Neurons and neuroglia
56. Simple squamous epithelium
57. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
58. Cuboidal epithelium
59. Columnar epithelium
60. Loose connective tissue
61. Adipose tissue
62. Hyaline cartilage
63. Compact bone
64. Skeletal muscle
65. Smooth muscle
66. Cardiac muscle
71. Neuron and neuroglia cells
Animals/Body Organization/Body
Organization
Organs and Organ Systems
#551 Human skin anatomy
#552 Mammalian body cavities
#553 Organ systems and life processes
Animal Biology-Animal General Biology:
human_skin_anatomy.swf
Animal Biology-Animal General Biology:
mammalian_body_cavities.swf
Animals/Body Organization/Tissues
Homeostasis
#554 Negative feedback
#555 Homeostasis and body temperature
regulation
#556 Label tissues
Figure 33.9, Negative feedback, 049.ppt
Animal Biology-Animal General Biology:
homeostasis_and_temperature_control.swf
Animals/Body Organization/Homeostasis
CHAPTER 34-CIRCULATION
34.1
Transport in Invertebrates
48
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#557 Open versus closed circulatory
systems
98. Paramecium, S.E.M.
100. Planarian, Dugesia
Animals/Transport/Transport Systems
Transport in Vertebrates
#558 Transport in birds and mammals
#559 Comparison of circulatory circuits in
vertebrates
70. Artery and vein
72. Blood capillary
Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
circulatory_circuits.swf
Animals/Transport/Transport Systems
Transport in Humans
#560 External heart anatomy
#561 External heart anatomy
#562 Internal view of the heart
#563 Internal view of the heart
#564 Cardiac cycle
#565 Conduction system of the heart
#566 Path of blood
#567 Velocity and blood pressure related
to vascular cross-sectional area
#568 Cross section of a valve in a vein
#569 Coronary arteries and plaque
Figure 34.8, Path of blood (Part 1), 050.ppt
Figure 34.8, Path of blood (Part 2), 051.ppt
Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
path_of_blood.swf
Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
1_cardiac_conduction_system.swf
Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
2_cardiac_cycle_sounds.mov
Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
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Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
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Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
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Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
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Animals/Transport/Human Heart
Animals/Transport/Vessels and Pressure
Cardiovascular Disorders
Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
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Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
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Animal Biology-Nervous System: stroke.rm
Animals/Transport/Vessels and Pressure
Blood, a Transport Medium
#570 Composition of blood
#571 Blood clotting
#572 Body Fluids
#573 Capillary exchange
#574 Capillary bed
#575 Capillary exchange diagram to label
#576 Label heart diagram
73. Macrophage
74. Blood clot
Figure 34.12, Blood clotting, 052.ppt
Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
capillary_bed.swf
Animals/Transport/Blood
CHAPTER 35-LYMPH TRANSPORT AND IMMUNITY
35.1
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The Lymphatic System
#577 Lymphatic system
#578 The lymphoid organs
Animal Biology-Immune System:
50
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Animals/Lymph and Immunity/Lymph
System
The Immune System
#579 Inflammatory reaction
#580 Action of the complement system
against a bacterium
#581 Clonal selection theory as it applies
to B cells
#582 Antibodies
#583 Structure of the most common
antibody (IgG)
#584 Antibody diversity
#585 Clonal selection theory as it applies
to T cells
#586 Cell-mediated immunity
#587 Stages of an HIV-1 infection
73. Macrophage
75. Cytotoxic T cell attacking cancer cell
Figure 35.7, Clonal selection theory as it
applies to T cells, 053.ppt
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Animals/Lymph and
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Induced Immunity
#588 Active immunity due to
immunizations
#589 Production of monoclonal antibodies
Animal Biology-Immune System:
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Animal Biology-Immune System:
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Animal Biology-Circulatory System:
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Animals/Lymph and
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Animals/Lymph and Immunity/Specific
Immunity
Immunity Side Effects
#590 Blood typing
#591 Hemolytic disease of the newborn
#592 Label IgG molecule
Figure 35.13, Hemolytic disease of the
newborn, 054.ppt
CHAPTER 36-DIGESTION AND NUTRITION
36.1
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Digestive Tracts
#593 Incomplete digestive tract of a
planarian
#594 Complete digestive tract of an
earthworm
#595 Nutritional mode of a clam compared
to a squid
#596 Dentition among mammals
Animal Biology-Digestive System:
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Animals/Digestion/Mouth and Esophagus
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Human Digestive Tract
#597 Path of Food
#598 The human digestive tract
#599 Swallowing
#600 Peristalsis in the digestive tract
#601 Anatomy of the stomach
#602 Major Digestive Enzymes
#603 Anatomy of intestinal lining
#604 Hormonal control of digestive gland
secretions
#605 Hepatic portal system
67. Wall of esophagus
68. Gastric glands
69. Intestinal villi
Figure 36.10, Hepatic portal system,
055.ppt
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Hormones
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Nutrition
#606 Ideal American diet
#607 Vitamins: Their Role in the Body
and Their Food Sources
#608 Minerals: Their Role in the Body and
Their Food Sources
#609 Label digestive experiment results
Animal Biology-Digestive System:
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Animal Biology-Digestive System:
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Animals/Digestion/Nutrition
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CHAPTER 37-RESPIRATION
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Gas Exchange Surfaces
#610 Respiration in terrestrial vertebrates
#611 Animal shapes and gas exchange
#612 Anatomy of gills in bony fishes
#613 Tracheae of insects
#614 Respiration in amphibians compared
to reptiles
#615 Respiratory system in birds
Figure TA 37.1, Respiration in terrestrial
vertebrates, 056.ppt
Animal Biology-Respiratory System:
gill_anatomy.swf
Animal Biology-Respiratory System:
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Animals/Respiration/Gas Exchange
Systems
Human Respiratory System
#616 The human respiratory tract
#617 Path of Air
#618 Inspiration versus expiration
#619 External and internal respiration
#620 Hemoglobin saturation in relation to
temperature and acidity
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Figure 37.7, Inspiration versus expiration,
057.ppt
Figure 37.8, External and internal
respiration, 058.ppt
Animal Biology-Respiratory System:
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Animals/Respiration/Gas Exchange
Respiration and Health
#621 Common bronchial and pulmonary
diseases
#622 Label human respiratory system
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Animals/Respiration/Disorders
CHAPTER 38-BODY FLUID REGULATION AND EXCRETION
38.1
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Body Fluid Regulation
#623 Excretory functions
#624 Body fluid regulation in bony fishes
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Nitrogenous Waste Products
#625 Nitrogenous Waste Excretion
#626 Nitrogenous wastes
Animals/Osmoregulation/Nitrogenous
Wastes
38.3
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Organs of Excretion
#627 Excretory organs in animals
Animals/Osmoregulation/Introduction
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Urinary System in Humans
#628 The human urinary system
#629 Macroscopic and microscopic
anatomy of the kidney
#630 Nephron anatomy
#631 Steps in urine formation
#632 Countercurrent mechanism
#633 The renin-angiostensin-aldosterone
system
#634 Maintaining the acid-base balance
#635 Label nephron
76. Nephron, glomerulus
77. Nephron, convoluted tubules
78. Nephron, collecting duct
Figure 38.9, Steps in urine formation,
059.ppt
Animal Biology-Excretory System:
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Excretion
Animals/Osmoregulation/Kidney Function
CHAPTER 39-NEURONS AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS
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Evolution of the Nervous System
#636 Evolution of the nervous system
#637 Evolution of the nervous system
#638 Organization of the nervous system
in humans
#639 Organization of the nervous system
in humans
Animal Biology-Nervous System:
human_nervous_system.swf
Animals/Nervous System/Introduction
Animals/Nervous System/Human
Nervous Tissue
#640 Neuron anatomy
#641 Resting and action potential of the
axomembrane
#642 Resting and action potential of the
axomembrane
#643 Synapse structure and function
#644 Synapse structure and function
#645 Integration
71. Neuron and neuroglial cells
76. nephron, glomerulus
77. Nephron, convoluted tubules
78. Nephron, collecting duct
79. Axon and myelin sheath
80. Synapse structure
Figure 39.4, Resting and action potential of
the axomembrane, 060.ppt
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Animals/Nervous System/Synapse
Central Nervous System: Brain and
Spinal Cord
#646 The human brain
#647 The lobes of a cerebral hemisphere
#648 The limbic system
81. Spinal cord
Animal Biology-Nervous System:
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Animals/Nervous System/Central
Animals/Nervous System/Human
Peripheral Nervous System
#649 Nerve
#650 Cranial and spinal nerves
#651 Reflex arc showing the path of a
spinal reflex
#652 Autonomic system structure and
function
#653 Comparison of Somatic Motor and
Autonomic Motor Pathways
#654 Sympathetic division of autonomic
system
#655 Parasympathetic division of
autonomic system
#656 Label reflex arc
81. Spinal cord
Figure 39.11, A reflex arc showing the path
of a spinal reflex, 061.ppt
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Animals/Nervous System/Peripheral
Animals/Nervous System/Human
CHAPTER 40-SENSE ORGANS
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Chemical Senses
#657 Taste buds in humans
#658 Olfactory cell location and anatomy
#659 Olfactory cell location and anatomy
Animal Biology-Sensory Systems:
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Sense of Vision
#660 Compound eye
#661 Anatomy of the human eye
#662 Functions of the Parts of the Eye
#663 Focusing of the human eye
#664 Photoreceptors in the eye
#665 Structure and function of the retina
82. Rods and cones
Animal Biology-Sensory Systems:
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Senses of Hearing and Balance
#666 Anatomy of the human ear
#667 Mechanoreceptors for hearing
#668 Functions of the Parts of the Ear
#669 Mechanoreceptors for equilibrium
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#670 Mechanoreceptors for equilibrium
#671 Lateral line receptor
#672 Statocysts
#673 Label human eye
83. Stereocilia
Animal Biology-Sensory Systems:
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Animals/Sense Organs/Mechanoreceptors
CHAPTER 41-SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND LOCOMOTION
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Diversity of Skeletons
#674 Locomotion in an earthworm
#675 The vertebrate endoskeleton
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Locomotion/Introduction
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The Human Skeletal System
#676 Anatomy of a long bone
#677 The human skeleton
#678 The skull
#679 The rib cage
#680 Bones of the pectoral girdle, the arm,
and the hand
#681 Bones of the pelvic girdle, the leg,
and the foot
#682 Knee joint
62. Hyaline cartilage
63. Compact bone
Animal Biology-Support and Movement:
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Animal Biology-Support and Movement:
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Structure
Animals/Support and
Locomotion/Skeleton
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The Human Muscular System
#683 Human musculature
#684 Antagonistic muscle pairs
#685 Skeletal muscle fiber structure and
function
#686 Skeletal muscle fiber structure and
function
#687 Muscle Contraction
#688 Neuromuscular junction
#689 The role of calcium and myosin in
muscle contraction
#690 The role of calcium and myosin in
muscle contraction
#691 Label muscle fiber
84. Neuromuscular junction
Figure 41.13, Skeletal muscle fiber
structure and function, 062.ppt
Animal Biology-Support and Movement:
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Cell Function
CHAPTER 42-HORMONES AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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#692 Chemical signals
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#693 Cellular activity of hormones
Animal Biology-Endocrine System:
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Animals/Endocrine System/Introduction
Human Endocrine System
#694 The endocrine system
#695 Principal Endocrine Glands and
Hormones
#696 Negative feedback control
#697 Hypothalamus and the pituitary
#698 Regulation of blood calcium level
#699 Adrenal glands
#700 Regulation of blood pressure and
volume
#701 Regulation of blood glucose level
#702 The effects of anabolic steroid use
#703 Melatonin production
#704 Label negative feedback control
Figure 42.9, Regulation of blood calcium
level, 063.ppt
Figure 42.11, Regulation of blood pressure
and volume, 064.ppt
Figure 42.14, Regulation of blood glucose
level, 065.ppt
Animal Biology-Endocrine System:
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Animals/Endocrine System/Endocrine
CHAPTER 43-REPRODUCTION
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How Animals Reproduce
Animal Biology-Reproduction and
Development:
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Animals/Reproduction/Introduction
Male Reproductive System
#705 The male reproductive system
#706 Male Reproductive System
#707 Penis anatomy
#708 Testis and sperm
#709 Hormonal control of testes
85. Seminiferous tubule, c.s.
Animal Biology-Reproduction and
Development:
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Animals/Reproduction/Human Male
System
Female Reproductive System
#710 Female Reproductive Organs
#711 Female reproductive system
#712 Ovarian cycle
#713 Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
(Simplified)
#714 Hormonal control of ovaries
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#715 Female hormone levels during the
ovarian and uterine cycles
86. Graafian follicle
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Animals/Reproduction/Human Female
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Animals/Development/Hormones and
Pregnancy
Control of Reproduction
#726 Anatomy of the breast
#727 Common Birth Control Methods
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
#718 Label male reproductive system
CHAPTER 44-DEVELOPMENT
44.1
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Early Developmental Stages
#719 Fertilization
#720 Embryonic germ layers
#721 Lancelet early development
#722 Comparative animal development
#723 Amount of Yolk in Eggs Versus
Location of Development
#724 Development of neural tube and
coelom in a frog embryo
#725 Chordate embryo, cross section
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Figure 44.2, Lancelet early development,
066.ppt
Figure 44.3, Comparative animal
development, 067.ppt
Figure 44.4, Development of neural tube
and coelom in a frog embryo, 068.ppt
Animals/Development/Fertilization
Animals/Development/Early Development
Developmental Processes
#726 Cytoplasmic segregation
#727 Cytoplasmic influence on
development
#728 Control of nervous system
development
#729 Development of C. elegans, a
nematode
#730 Induction can occur sequentially
#731 Pattern formation in Drosophila
#732 Homeotic genes
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Development/Introduction
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Animals/Genes and Development/Pattern
Formation
Human Embryonic and Fetal
Development
#733 Extraembryonic membranes
#734 Human development before
implantation
#735 Human embryonic development
#736 Human embryo at beginning of fifth
week
#737 Anatomy of the placenta in a fetus at
six to seven months
#738 Three methods for genetic defect
testing before birth
#739 Three methods for genetic defect
testing before birth
#740 Three stages of parturition
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#741 Label extraembryonic membranes
87. Human embryo at 5th week, S.E.M.
Figure 44.12, Human development before
implantation, 069.ppt
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Animal Biology-Reproduction and
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Animals/Development/Human
Development
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Pregnancy
CHAPTER 45-ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
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Behavior Has a Genetic Basis
#742 Inheritance of migratory behavior in
Blackcap Warblers, Sylvia
#743 Feeding behavior of garter snakes,
Thamnophis elegans
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Behavior Undergoes Development
#744 Feeding (pecking) behavior of
Laughing Gull chicks, Larus atricilla
#745 Song learning by White-crowned
Sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys
Figure 45.4, Song learning by Whitecrowned Sparrows, Zonotrichia
leucophrys, 070.ppt
Ecology-Behavior: pecking_behavior.swf
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Behavior Is Adaptive
#746 Raggiana Bird of Paradise
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#747 Robotic female bowerbird
#748 Female choice and male dominance
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Animal Societies
#749 Communication among bees
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CHAPTER 46-ECOLOGY OF POPULATIONS
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Scope of Ecology
#750 Ecological levels
#751 Patterns of dispersion within a
population
Ecology/Populations/Characteristics
Characteristics of Populations
#752 Factors determining future size of
population
#753 Model for exponential growth
#754 Model for logistic growth
#755 A Life Table for a Bluegrass Cohort
#756 Survivorship curves
#757 U.S. age distributions
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Regulation of Population Size
#758 Density-dependent effect
#759 Great Tit, Parus major
Ecology/Populations/Size Regulation
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Life History Patterns
#760 Map of Great South Bay
46.5
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Human Population Growth
#761 World population growth
#762 Age structure diagrams (1998)
#763 Environmental impact caused by
MDCs and LDCs
Ecology-Population Ecology:
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CHAPTER 47-COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
47.1
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Concept of the Community
#764 Community structure
#765 Species richness of communities
#766 Model of island biogeography
Ecology-Community Ecology:
species_richness.swf
Ecology/Communities/Introduction
47.2
Structure of the Community
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47.3
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47.4
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#767 Feeding niches for wading birds
#768 Species Interactions
#769 Competition between two laboratory
populations of Paramecium
#770 Character displacement in finches on
the Galápagos Islands
#771 Niche specialization among five
species of coexisting warblers
#772 Competition between two species of
barnacles
#773 Predator-prey interaction between
Paramecium caudatum and Didinium
nasutum
#774 Predator-prey populations cycle
#775 Predator-prey interaction between a
lynx and a snowshoe hare
#776 The life cycle of a deer tick
Figure 47.5, Competition between two
laboratory populations of Paramecium,
071.ppt
Ecology-Community Ecology:
feeding_niches.swf
Ecology-Community Ecology:
predator-prey_interaction.swf
Ecology/Communities/Organization
Ecology/Behavior/Species Interactions
Ecology/Behavior/Interspecific
Competition
Ecology/Behavior/Exploitation
Ecology/Behavior/Mutualism
Community Development
#777 Secondary succession in a forest
Ecology-Community Ecology:
primary_succession.swf
Ecology-Community Ecology:
secondary_succession.swf
Ecology/Communities/Succession
Community Biodiversity
#778 The intermediate disturbance
hypothesis
#779 Effect of a keystone predator
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#780 Label community composition
Ecology/Communities/Biodiversity
Ecology/Communities/Measuring a
Community
Diversity/Biodiversity/Species
CHAPTER 48-ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN INTERFERENCES
48.1
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The Nature of Ecosystems
#781 Biosphere
#782 Nature of an ecosystem
#783 Energy balances
Ecology-Ecosystems:
ecosystem_organization.swf
Ecology/Ecosystems/Introduction
Ecology/Ecosystems/Energy Flow
48.2
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Energy Flow
#784 Grazing food web
#785 Detrital food web
#786 Ecological pyramid
#787 Ecological inverted pyramid
Ecology/Ecosystems/Energy Flow
Ecology/Ecosystems/Energy and Nutrient
Relations
48.3
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Global Biogeochemical Cycles
#788 Model for chemical cycling
#789 The hydrologic (water) cycle
#790 Earth’s radiation balances
#791 The nitrogen cycle
#792 Thermal inversion
#793 The phosphorus cycle
#794 Sources of surface water pollution
#795 Ozone shield depletion
#796 Label trophic levels
#797 Label ecosystem
Ecology-Ecosystems: 1_water_cycle.swf
Ecology-Ecosystems: 2_water_cycle.swf
Ecology-Ecosystems: 1_carbon_cycle.swf
Ecology-Ecosystems: 2_carbon _cycle.swf
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Ecology-Ecosystems: 3_carbon_cycle.rm
Ecology-Ecosystems: 1_nitrogen_cycle.swf
Ecology-Ecosystems: 2_nitrogen_cycle.swf
Ecology-Ecosystems: 3_nitrogen_cycle.rm
Ecology-Ecosystems: acid_rain.rm
Ecology-Ecosystems:
phosphorus_cycle.swf
Ecology-Ecosystems:
ozone_layer_depletion.rm
Ecology-Ecosystems:
deoxygenation_of_lakes.rm
Ecology/Ecosystems/Nutrient Cycles
CHAPTER 49-THE BIOSPHERE
49.1
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Climate and the Biosphere
#798 Distribution of solar energy
#799 Global wind circulation
#800 Formation of a rain shadow
Ecology-Biosphere:
solar_energy_distribution.swf
Ecology-Biosphere: rainshadow_effect.rm
Ecology-Biosphere:
rain_shadow_formation.swf
Ecology-Biosphere:
global_wind_circulation.swf
Ecology-Biosphere:
global_air_circulation.rm
Ecology-Biosphere: earth’s_seasons.swf
Ecology-Biosphere: four_seasons.rm
Ecology/Biosphere/Climate
Ecology/Biosphere/Temperature Relations
49.2
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Terrestrial Communities
#801 Pattern of biome distribution
#802 Pattern of biome distribution
#803 Climate and biomes
#804 The tundra
#805 The taiga
#806 Temperate deciduous forest
#807 Levels of life in a tropical rain forest
#808 Animals of the tropic rain forest
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#809 Temperate grassland
#810 The savanna
#811 The desert
Ecology/Biosphere/Land Biomes
49.3
Transparency
Aquatic Communities
#812 Freshwater and saltwater
communities
#813 Lake stratification
#814 Zones of a lake
#815 Estuary structure and function
#816 Ocean currents
#817 La Niña and El Niño
#818 Marine environment
#819 Ocean inhabitants
Figure 49B, La Niña and El Niño, 072.ppt
Ecology-Biosphere: lake_stratification.swf
Ecology-Biosphere:
El_Nino_southern_oscillation.rm
Ecology/Biosphere/Aquatic Systems
Ecology/Biosphere/Water Relations
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CHAPTER 50-CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
50.1
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Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
#820 Conservation biology is composed of
many subfields
#821 Number of described species
#822 Eagles and bears feed on spawning
salmon
Ecology-Biosphere:
community_disruption.swf
Ecology/Human Impact/Biodiversity
Diversity/Biodiversity/Species
Ecology/Ecosystems/Landscape Ecology
Ecology/Human Impact/Introduction
50.2
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Value of Biodiversity
#823 Indirect value of ecosystem
Ecology/Human Impact/Biodiversity
Diversity/Biodiversity/Species
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50.3
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Causes of Extinction
#824 Habitat loss
#825 Global warming
Ecology-Biosphere: 1_global_warming.swf
Ecology-Biosphere: 2_global_warming.swf
Ecology/Human Impact/Air
Ecology/Human Impact/Water
Ecology/Human Impact/Land
50.4
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Conservation Techniques
#826 Edge effect
#827 Restoration of the Everglades
#828 Label causes of extinction graph
Ecology-Biosphere:
restoration_of_the_everglades.swf
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