III.13 - Thermal Adaptation Lab
... above, current optimality models assume that the ability to tolerate one environmental extreme leads to an inability to tolerate another. This hypothetical constraint prevents the evolution of a species that performs extremely well under all conditions. Given this trade-off, two predictions emerge. ...
... above, current optimality models assume that the ability to tolerate one environmental extreme leads to an inability to tolerate another. This hypothetical constraint prevents the evolution of a species that performs extremely well under all conditions. Given this trade-off, two predictions emerge. ...
Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics:
... The second law of thermodynamics asserts that if a spontaneous reaction occurs, the reaction moves towards an irreversible state of equilibrium and in the process, becomes increasingly random or disordered. It is this increasing disorder or entropy of a system that forces a spontaneous reaction to p ...
... The second law of thermodynamics asserts that if a spontaneous reaction occurs, the reaction moves towards an irreversible state of equilibrium and in the process, becomes increasingly random or disordered. It is this increasing disorder or entropy of a system that forces a spontaneous reaction to p ...
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... a. acquired characteristics are passed on to offspring. b. heritable variations can and do occur in nature. c. organisms contain an inner drive to improve over time. d. the number of species remains constant over time. Ans: b ...
... a. acquired characteristics are passed on to offspring. b. heritable variations can and do occur in nature. c. organisms contain an inner drive to improve over time. d. the number of species remains constant over time. Ans: b ...
Darwinism and Selectionist Theories
... Variation: Variation from the direct and indirect action of the external conditions of life, and from use and disuse Competition: Rate of increase (reproduction) high enough (with regard to the environment) that it facilitates competition for survival (superfecundity or struggle for existence) Natur ...
... Variation: Variation from the direct and indirect action of the external conditions of life, and from use and disuse Competition: Rate of increase (reproduction) high enough (with regard to the environment) that it facilitates competition for survival (superfecundity or struggle for existence) Natur ...
Speciation and Intra-Specific Taxa
... This notion of “sympatric speciation” was widely accepted as prevalent in nature by Darwin’s followers, but it took others such as Wagner, Rensch, Jordan, Dobzhansky and Mayr, to establish the universal importance of geographical isolation to the process of reproductive isolation and speciation. Ind ...
... This notion of “sympatric speciation” was widely accepted as prevalent in nature by Darwin’s followers, but it took others such as Wagner, Rensch, Jordan, Dobzhansky and Mayr, to establish the universal importance of geographical isolation to the process of reproductive isolation and speciation. Ind ...
CHAPTER 10 Changes in biodiversity over time
... On his return to England, Darwin continued to struggle with the question of whether species could evolve. If species could change, then what was a possible mechanism by which evolution occurred? By 1838, in his notebooks, Darwin began to outline his view that species were not fixed and unchanging an ...
... On his return to England, Darwin continued to struggle with the question of whether species could evolve. If species could change, then what was a possible mechanism by which evolution occurred? By 1838, in his notebooks, Darwin began to outline his view that species were not fixed and unchanging an ...
Ch. 15 Completed Notes and Vocabulary
... http://www.suite101.com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_HumanTail.gif ...
... http://www.suite101.com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_HumanTail.gif ...
Natural Selection: Descent with Modification
... chances of beneficial variations arising merely because the population is larger; and the geographical isolation of populations, which can allow new varieties to become established and improved in an environment that is comparatively shielded from competitive immigrants (1859: 101-109). We should no ...
... chances of beneficial variations arising merely because the population is larger; and the geographical isolation of populations, which can allow new varieties to become established and improved in an environment that is comparatively shielded from competitive immigrants (1859: 101-109). We should no ...
The altered evolutionary trajectories of gene duplicates
... of paralogs because these data have been invoked frequently as evidence for or against the Ohno model. Inferences from patterns of molecular evolution The cumulative nature of evolutionary change is a major impediment to inferring the evolutionary mechanisms leading to the divergence of extant paral ...
... of paralogs because these data have been invoked frequently as evidence for or against the Ohno model. Inferences from patterns of molecular evolution The cumulative nature of evolutionary change is a major impediment to inferring the evolutionary mechanisms leading to the divergence of extant paral ...
Willmer_sample chapter_Environmental
... rapidly from other areas of evolutionary biology and from the analytical techniques of population biology and (especially) molecular biology. It involves a more explicit attempt to integrate both shortterm and long-term genetic perspectives into physiological ecology. Within species, understanding t ...
... rapidly from other areas of evolutionary biology and from the analytical techniques of population biology and (especially) molecular biology. It involves a more explicit attempt to integrate both shortterm and long-term genetic perspectives into physiological ecology. Within species, understanding t ...
Charles Darwin`s reputation: how it changed during the twentieth
... from believer in descent with modification to, perhaps, believer in descent with modification together with natural selection (and perhaps the other three population genetics causes not recognized by Darwin). Scientific underpinnings of the eclipse Heredity had been a major problem for evolution the ...
... from believer in descent with modification to, perhaps, believer in descent with modification together with natural selection (and perhaps the other three population genetics causes not recognized by Darwin). Scientific underpinnings of the eclipse Heredity had been a major problem for evolution the ...
Vestiges of the natural history of development: historical holdovers
... that this basking behavior is not performed for thermoregulation or digestion but to dry and thus lighten the wings in preparation for flight (Sellers 1995). However, the flightless cormorant need not dry its wings because unlike its relatives and ancestors it cannot fly. Thus P. harrisi demonstrate ...
... that this basking behavior is not performed for thermoregulation or digestion but to dry and thus lighten the wings in preparation for flight (Sellers 1995). However, the flightless cormorant need not dry its wings because unlike its relatives and ancestors it cannot fly. Thus P. harrisi demonstrate ...
Thinking Critically about Evolutionary Theory
... Part I: The Creation vs. Evolution Debate Creationism vs. Evolutionism There are those who support the idea of a divine creation of the world, and those who support biological evolution. Emotionally charged battles between these two groups have been going on ever since Darwin published his Origin of ...
... Part I: The Creation vs. Evolution Debate Creationism vs. Evolutionism There are those who support the idea of a divine creation of the world, and those who support biological evolution. Emotionally charged battles between these two groups have been going on ever since Darwin published his Origin of ...
The promise of ecological developmental biology
... Although in casual parlance genes are often said to ‘‘control’’ development, or to code directly for specific traits, the dynamic physical and biochemical processes that give rise to individual form reflect a subtle nexus of influences which include major and epistatic gene effects, physical and bio ...
... Although in casual parlance genes are often said to ‘‘control’’ development, or to code directly for specific traits, the dynamic physical and biochemical processes that give rise to individual form reflect a subtle nexus of influences which include major and epistatic gene effects, physical and bio ...
Define the terms biodiversity, genetic diversity
... (natural selection!) in the struggle for existence. There is survival of the fittest. These “fit” survivors pass on their advantageous alleles to the next generation. This produces new varieties. e.g. ...
... (natural selection!) in the struggle for existence. There is survival of the fittest. These “fit” survivors pass on their advantageous alleles to the next generation. This produces new varieties. e.g. ...
EvoDevo and niche construction: building bridges
... also perceived to have no independent evolutionary significance (Dawkins, 2004). Here, nicheconstruction effects are treated as extended phenotypes, and extended phenotypes play the same role in evolutionary biology as ordinary phenotypes: affecting the replication of alleles responsible for those p ...
... also perceived to have no independent evolutionary significance (Dawkins, 2004). Here, nicheconstruction effects are treated as extended phenotypes, and extended phenotypes play the same role in evolutionary biology as ordinary phenotypes: affecting the replication of alleles responsible for those p ...
Beaks of Finches
... a. What two types of food would you expect to be available on this island? Animal food (such as insects) and plant food (such as seeds) b. Would you expect the two species to compete for food on this island? No, they would not compete because they feed on different kind of food. c. How might the two ...
... a. What two types of food would you expect to be available on this island? Animal food (such as insects) and plant food (such as seeds) b. Would you expect the two species to compete for food on this island? No, they would not compete because they feed on different kind of food. c. How might the two ...
Evolving entities - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
... single species. In reality, the nature of sampling will also affect patterns of variation (discussed further below), but for now assume that the sample includes several individuals from each of any distinct clusters found in the clade, and that individuals are sampled at random from within each clus ...
... single species. In reality, the nature of sampling will also affect patterns of variation (discussed further below), but for now assume that the sample includes several individuals from each of any distinct clusters found in the clade, and that individuals are sampled at random from within each clus ...
Perspective Evolution Is an Experiment
... are, in fact, selected in parallel across different domestication events. If genes are selected in parallel, it implies that the number of genetic solutions to the challenge of domestication is constrained. However, I find no evidence for parallel selection events either between species (maize vs. r ...
... are, in fact, selected in parallel across different domestication events. If genes are selected in parallel, it implies that the number of genetic solutions to the challenge of domestication is constrained. However, I find no evidence for parallel selection events either between species (maize vs. r ...
AP Exam Review
... meiotic process. ID one such chromosomal abnormality; what effects does it have on the phenotype of people with that disorder? Describe how this abnormality could result from a defect in meiosis. 3. Production of offspring by parthenogenesis or cloning bypasses the traditional meiotic process. Descr ...
... meiotic process. ID one such chromosomal abnormality; what effects does it have on the phenotype of people with that disorder? Describe how this abnormality could result from a defect in meiosis. 3. Production of offspring by parthenogenesis or cloning bypasses the traditional meiotic process. Descr ...
Vertebrate pigmentation: from underlying genes to adaptive function
... genetic mechanisms that determine phenotype. Genetic crosses of laboratory mice have provided extensive information about the patterns of inheritance and pleiotropic effects of loci involved in pigmentation. Recently, the study of pigmentation genes and their functions has extended into wild populat ...
... genetic mechanisms that determine phenotype. Genetic crosses of laboratory mice have provided extensive information about the patterns of inheritance and pleiotropic effects of loci involved in pigmentation. Recently, the study of pigmentation genes and their functions has extended into wild populat ...
The probability of the improbable. Society
... Next I briefly outline major lines of thought and controversies surrounding the idea of cultural evolution. The direction proposed here commences with an abstract version of Darwinian evolution, which is then re-specified for social systems, understood as communication systems, as developed by Luhma ...
... Next I briefly outline major lines of thought and controversies surrounding the idea of cultural evolution. The direction proposed here commences with an abstract version of Darwinian evolution, which is then re-specified for social systems, understood as communication systems, as developed by Luhma ...
A phylogenetic analysis of sex-specific evolution of ecological
... niches are finite, two or more non-closely related species (e.g., non-sister species within the same genus or family) may independently converge to exploit similar ecological niches. Under this scenario, the evolutionary outcome will be convergent adaptive radiations (Jackman et al. 1997; Losos et al ...
... niches are finite, two or more non-closely related species (e.g., non-sister species within the same genus or family) may independently converge to exploit similar ecological niches. Under this scenario, the evolutionary outcome will be convergent adaptive radiations (Jackman et al. 1997; Losos et al ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.