Senescence as an Adaptation to Limit the Spread of
... the species gave way first to a healthy skepticism about group selection, and then to a solid science of multi-level selection, spearheaded by D.S. Wilson (1980; Sober and Wilson 1998), building on the pioneering work of Price (1970, 1972). But explaining organismal senescence as ...
... the species gave way first to a healthy skepticism about group selection, and then to a solid science of multi-level selection, spearheaded by D.S. Wilson (1980; Sober and Wilson 1998), building on the pioneering work of Price (1970, 1972). But explaining organismal senescence as ...
15.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
... 15.11 Genes that control development play a major role in evolution Homeotic genes are master control genes that determine basic features, such as where pairs of wings or legs develop on a fruit fly ...
... 15.11 Genes that control development play a major role in evolution Homeotic genes are master control genes that determine basic features, such as where pairs of wings or legs develop on a fruit fly ...
The Origin of Species
... adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
... adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
Power Point Presentation
... the origin of new species as closely related processes • From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is indeed what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
... the origin of new species as closely related processes • From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is indeed what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve
... Last common ancestor lived 26 million years ago (MYA), based on fossil evidence ...
... Last common ancestor lived 26 million years ago (MYA), based on fossil evidence ...
The adaptionist program
... display by male Zonosemata. - what if by chance, these courtship displays also happened to deter predation by jumping spiders on male flies. - if a mutation occurred that now had female Zonosemata performing these behaviors they would also gain a significant advantage over females that did not. - th ...
... display by male Zonosemata. - what if by chance, these courtship displays also happened to deter predation by jumping spiders on male flies. - if a mutation occurred that now had female Zonosemata performing these behaviors they would also gain a significant advantage over females that did not. - th ...
Software for Evolutionary Analysis © 2002 Jon C
... evolution by natural selection works as follows: If a population contains variation, and if the variation is at least partly heritable, and if some variants survive to reproduce at higher rates than others, then the population will evolve. That is, the composition of the population will change acros ...
... evolution by natural selection works as follows: If a population contains variation, and if the variation is at least partly heritable, and if some variants survive to reproduce at higher rates than others, then the population will evolve. That is, the composition of the population will change acros ...
Here - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
... system due to the rapid and repeated phenotypic divergence of freshwater forms from a marine ancestor throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Many of these recently derived populations are found in overlapping habitats, yet are reproductively isolated from each other. This scenario provides excellent op ...
... system due to the rapid and repeated phenotypic divergence of freshwater forms from a marine ancestor throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Many of these recently derived populations are found in overlapping habitats, yet are reproductively isolated from each other. This scenario provides excellent op ...
Evolution jeopardy
... The observation that organisms living in different locations which are exposed to similar environments causing them to change in similar ways deals with which of Darwin’s evolution evidence ...
... The observation that organisms living in different locations which are exposed to similar environments causing them to change in similar ways deals with which of Darwin’s evolution evidence ...
Millionaire Game chapter 6 - round 2
... Different species may develop when a population is divided and then the groups evolve in separate ways. This is called…. ...
... Different species may develop when a population is divided and then the groups evolve in separate ways. This is called…. ...
A species definition for the modern synthesis
... affords any clear distinction between species or varieties”. First, there were plenty of examples of sterility, especially self-sterility or sterility associated with inbreeding, within plant species. Second, many good species seemed to have little in the way of sterility barriers (e.g. dogs, pheasa ...
... affords any clear distinction between species or varieties”. First, there were plenty of examples of sterility, especially self-sterility or sterility associated with inbreeding, within plant species. Second, many good species seemed to have little in the way of sterility barriers (e.g. dogs, pheasa ...
A Very Simple Model for Declining Mean Fitness
... We are in the midst of a worldwide decline in birth rate. Some evolutionary scientists (e.g., Kaplan & Lancaster 2000, Low et al. 2002) have seriously considered the possibility that this represents a genuine decline in evolutionary fitness, rather than a strategy to maximize long term descendents by ...
... We are in the midst of a worldwide decline in birth rate. Some evolutionary scientists (e.g., Kaplan & Lancaster 2000, Low et al. 2002) have seriously considered the possibility that this represents a genuine decline in evolutionary fitness, rather than a strategy to maximize long term descendents by ...
Reviving the Superorganism
... adaptations at the individual level, because individual larvae that alter their aquatic environment leave more offspring than larvae that do not. The fact that they cause other larvae in their pool to leave more offspring also is regarded as irrelevant, because these larvae are just a random sample ...
... adaptations at the individual level, because individual larvae that alter their aquatic environment leave more offspring than larvae that do not. The fact that they cause other larvae in their pool to leave more offspring also is regarded as irrelevant, because these larvae are just a random sample ...
Notes
... Taper and Case: Characteristics – Variation in the character must have a known effect on use of resources. – Must be demonstrated competition for the resource and competition must be directly correlated with character similarity. – Differences in character cannot be explained by differences in reso ...
... Taper and Case: Characteristics – Variation in the character must have a known effect on use of resources. – Must be demonstrated competition for the resource and competition must be directly correlated with character similarity. – Differences in character cannot be explained by differences in reso ...
Ancient Species Flocks and Recent Speciation Events
... (Johns and Avise 1998). This radiation has been compared to the more recent radiation of cichlids in the Great African lakes (Greenwood 1991), and by analogy, the Sebastes assemblage was termed the “ancient species flock” (Johns and Avise 1998). An increasing number of molecular evolutionary studies ...
... (Johns and Avise 1998). This radiation has been compared to the more recent radiation of cichlids in the Great African lakes (Greenwood 1991), and by analogy, the Sebastes assemblage was termed the “ancient species flock” (Johns and Avise 1998). An increasing number of molecular evolutionary studies ...
Encyclopedia of Islands - Sample Chapter
... of species has been attributed to novel ecological opportunities provided by deglaciation and recolonization. In particular, the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is a species complex that has diversified in each lake such that no more than two species occur in any one lake. Interesting ...
... of species has been attributed to novel ecological opportunities provided by deglaciation and recolonization. In particular, the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is a species complex that has diversified in each lake such that no more than two species occur in any one lake. Interesting ...
The speed of ecological speciation
... migrants than to the fitness of hybrids. One reason is that hybrids are often phenotypically intermediate between parental species, and will therefore be less maladapted than are migrants. Another reason is that reproductive barriers acting earlier (on migrants before they reproduce) make a greater ...
... migrants than to the fitness of hybrids. One reason is that hybrids are often phenotypically intermediate between parental species, and will therefore be less maladapted than are migrants. Another reason is that reproductive barriers acting earlier (on migrants before they reproduce) make a greater ...
From the scala naturae to the symbiogenetic and dynamic tree of life
... Apathic-, sensible- and intelligent animals, respectively. Concerning the means by which the structure of an organism altered over generations, Lamarck proposed his famous theory that is still known today as the “inheritance of acquired characteristics”. According to the French scientist, changes oc ...
... Apathic-, sensible- and intelligent animals, respectively. Concerning the means by which the structure of an organism altered over generations, Lamarck proposed his famous theory that is still known today as the “inheritance of acquired characteristics”. According to the French scientist, changes oc ...
From the scala naturae to the symbiogenetic and
... Apathic-, sensible- and intelligent animals, respectively. Concerning the means by which the structure of an organism altered over generations, Lamarck proposed his famous theory that is still known today as the “inheritance of acquired characteristics”. According to the French scientist, changes oc ...
... Apathic-, sensible- and intelligent animals, respectively. Concerning the means by which the structure of an organism altered over generations, Lamarck proposed his famous theory that is still known today as the “inheritance of acquired characteristics”. According to the French scientist, changes oc ...
Bio_principles of biology
... practical and non-practical related tasks in the SBA. The marks for practical related tasks will constitute 14% and those for non-practical related tasks will constitute 6% of the final subject mark. ...
... practical and non-practical related tasks in the SBA. The marks for practical related tasks will constitute 14% and those for non-practical related tasks will constitute 6% of the final subject mark. ...
Week/Stahlke #2 - Washington State University
... substantially from the more stable and predictable laboratory environments in these previous studies (Arnold et al., 2008). One recent study on wild populations of nematodes (Acrobeloides nanus) documented relatively rapid changes in G for three life history traits under various environmental condit ...
... substantially from the more stable and predictable laboratory environments in these previous studies (Arnold et al., 2008). One recent study on wild populations of nematodes (Acrobeloides nanus) documented relatively rapid changes in G for three life history traits under various environmental condit ...
Darwin`s Theory of Natural Selection
... to study the sorts of experiments that can be used to test evolutionary theory. The story is as follows. The peppered moth spends much of the daytime resting on the bark of oak trees. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the trunks of most oak trees in England were light brown speckled with g ...
... to study the sorts of experiments that can be used to test evolutionary theory. The story is as follows. The peppered moth spends much of the daytime resting on the bark of oak trees. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the trunks of most oak trees in England were light brown speckled with g ...
variation in fitness - University of California, Berkeley
... the mutation rate was much lower than the reciprocal of the population size, no mutant, or at least very few mutants, ever really became fixed. The general consequences of this model, which seem quite close to reality, were rather that there are usually several alleles present in a population which ...
... the mutation rate was much lower than the reciprocal of the population size, no mutant, or at least very few mutants, ever really became fixed. The general consequences of this model, which seem quite close to reality, were rather that there are usually several alleles present in a population which ...
Evolution - Lemon Bay High School
... of the natural world was shifting dramatically. Geologists were suggesting that Earth was ancient and had changed over time. Biologists were suggesting that life on Earth had also changed. The process Darwin developed a of change over time is called evolution. scientific theory of biological evolutio ...
... of the natural world was shifting dramatically. Geologists were suggesting that Earth was ancient and had changed over time. Biologists were suggesting that life on Earth had also changed. The process Darwin developed a of change over time is called evolution. scientific theory of biological evolutio ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.