PDF
... generate incomes (Djanibekov et al., 2012). Afforestation and reforestation implemented within the framework of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM A/R) in low productive lands was stated as a cheaper solution than other offset schemes to mitigate climate change while enhancing sustainable developm ...
... generate incomes (Djanibekov et al., 2012). Afforestation and reforestation implemented within the framework of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM A/R) in low productive lands was stated as a cheaper solution than other offset schemes to mitigate climate change while enhancing sustainable developm ...
Report
... that Earth’s surface temperature has risen by 0.6°C during the 20th Century and is projected to continue to increase by an additional 1.4°C to 5.8°C above 1990 levels by 2100. There is some uncertainty associated with the complex science of climate change, especially with regard to the predictive ac ...
... that Earth’s surface temperature has risen by 0.6°C during the 20th Century and is projected to continue to increase by an additional 1.4°C to 5.8°C above 1990 levels by 2100. There is some uncertainty associated with the complex science of climate change, especially with regard to the predictive ac ...
CRS Report for Congress Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol
... emissions of six “greenhouse gases.” The Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005, and its emissions reduction requirements are binding on the 35 industrialized countries that have ratified it; the United States disengaged from the Protocol in 2001 and has not ratified it. As structured in t ...
... emissions of six “greenhouse gases.” The Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005, and its emissions reduction requirements are binding on the 35 industrialized countries that have ratified it; the United States disengaged from the Protocol in 2001 and has not ratified it. As structured in t ...
Experiences of host communities with carbon market projects
... least three reasons. First, all these initiatives have dual objectives of generating low-cost emission reductions and contributing towards sustainable development in the host communities (UNFCCC, 1997; Forest Trends, 2011; Stringer et al., 2012). Second, host communities will have to live with the p ...
... least three reasons. First, all these initiatives have dual objectives of generating low-cost emission reductions and contributing towards sustainable development in the host communities (UNFCCC, 1997; Forest Trends, 2011; Stringer et al., 2012). Second, host communities will have to live with the p ...
The Promise and Problems of Pricing Carbon: Theory and
... dioxide (CO2) emissions and the lowest share of U.S. power generation by coal in some four decades (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2009). Longer‐term evaluations of the impacts of energy prices on markets have found that higher prices have induced more innovation – measur ...
... dioxide (CO2) emissions and the lowest share of U.S. power generation by coal in some four decades (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2009). Longer‐term evaluations of the impacts of energy prices on markets have found that higher prices have induced more innovation – measur ...
a new approach to international greenhouse gas controls
... commitment period (100 MtC, see above), large fluctuations in economic and emission levels have only moderate effects on the level of abatement required. In the example above, suppose that Country A’s economy grew faster than expected, causing emissions to rise to 120 MtC during the commitment perio ...
... commitment period (100 MtC, see above), large fluctuations in economic and emission levels have only moderate effects on the level of abatement required. In the example above, suppose that Country A’s economy grew faster than expected, causing emissions to rise to 120 MtC during the commitment perio ...
Ruddell et al. 2006
... reconcile their emissions account at the end of each compliance period through direct and verified measurements to ensure compliance with their allocated/auctioned emission allowances. Project-based carbon transactions (also called emission reduction credits) are created using methodologies/rules ap ...
... reconcile their emissions account at the end of each compliance period through direct and verified measurements to ensure compliance with their allocated/auctioned emission allowances. Project-based carbon transactions (also called emission reduction credits) are created using methodologies/rules ap ...
ieta - ghg market sentiment survey
... One result of the economic downturn has been the collapse of international oil prices which hovered between $110/bbl and $115/bbl during the week of the previous report’s launch before hitting an all time high of $147/bbl on 3 July 2008. By late December 2008 these prices had dipped below $40/bbl an ...
... One result of the economic downturn has been the collapse of international oil prices which hovered between $110/bbl and $115/bbl during the week of the previous report’s launch before hitting an all time high of $147/bbl on 3 July 2008. By late December 2008 these prices had dipped below $40/bbl an ...
US Rejection of the Kyoto Protocol: the impact
... emission rights. In the parlance of the climate debate this is commonly described as “hot air” or “Russian hot air” to denote the country expected to receive the largest number of excess credits. The Protocol permits these rights to be sold to countries in search of lowcost options for meeting their ...
... emission rights. In the parlance of the climate debate this is commonly described as “hot air” or “Russian hot air” to denote the country expected to receive the largest number of excess credits. The Protocol permits these rights to be sold to countries in search of lowcost options for meeting their ...
Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements
... UNFCCC Dialogue and Kyoto Protocol-based mandate for second period commitments: ...
... UNFCCC Dialogue and Kyoto Protocol-based mandate for second period commitments: ...
The Kyoto Protocol and International Actions
... Change (UNFCCC). The United States was one of the first nations to ratify this treaty. It included a legally non-binding, voluntary pledge that the major industrialized/developed nations would establish national action plans aiming to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year ...
... Change (UNFCCC). The United States was one of the first nations to ratify this treaty. It included a legally non-binding, voluntary pledge that the major industrialized/developed nations would establish national action plans aiming to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year ...
Climate Change: Kyoto Protocol and International Actions
... Change (UNFCCC). The United States was one of the first nations to ratify this treaty. It included a legally non-binding, voluntary pledge that the major industrialized/developed nations would establish national action plans aiming to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year ...
... Change (UNFCCC). The United States was one of the first nations to ratify this treaty. It included a legally non-binding, voluntary pledge that the major industrialized/developed nations would establish national action plans aiming to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year ...
An Overview of the International Regime Addressing Climate Change
... Trading Scheme (“EU ETS”). The 25 EU Member States developed the EU ETS as a capand-trade program, which will operate over two phases. The first phase runs from 2005 to 2007 and the second phase runs for the duration of the first commitment period, 2008 to 2012. During the first phase, each Member S ...
... Trading Scheme (“EU ETS”). The 25 EU Member States developed the EU ETS as a capand-trade program, which will operate over two phases. The first phase runs from 2005 to 2007 and the second phase runs for the duration of the first commitment period, 2008 to 2012. During the first phase, each Member S ...
GEF activities and some issues related to CDM Capacity
... • CDM is a financial mechanism for implementing Tokyo Protocol • The developed countries may use the certified GHG emission reduction accruing from project activities in developing countries to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified GHG emission limitation and reduction commitments u ...
... • CDM is a financial mechanism for implementing Tokyo Protocol • The developed countries may use the certified GHG emission reduction accruing from project activities in developing countries to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified GHG emission limitation and reduction commitments u ...
Ingénierie planétaire : fuite en avant ou solution d`avenir au
... • Estimate the total (i.e. CO2-equivalent) GHG emissions for countries and estimate time variations • Formulate emission targets at the international level • Break down emission targets between gases within individual countries • Trade emissions in emission trading scheme (ETS) or offset emissions t ...
... • Estimate the total (i.e. CO2-equivalent) GHG emissions for countries and estimate time variations • Formulate emission targets at the international level • Break down emission targets between gases within individual countries • Trade emissions in emission trading scheme (ETS) or offset emissions t ...
18 – 19 June 2014, Hôtel De Mille Collines Kigali - CDM
... UNFCCC, GCF and other related international financing mechanisms. What is needed urgently is the establishment of the EAC Carbon Trading platform – within the sustainable development context that can be up-scaled to member states. The carbon trading platform would be implemented through cooperation ...
... UNFCCC, GCF and other related international financing mechanisms. What is needed urgently is the establishment of the EAC Carbon Trading platform – within the sustainable development context that can be up-scaled to member states. The carbon trading platform would be implemented through cooperation ...
EuropeAid EuropeAid
... introduction of 2 distinct negotiation tracks: AWG-LCA and AWG-KP • AWG-KP: discussions around further reductions • AWG-LCA: mitigation goals, shared vision for adaptation, mitigation, technology and finance. • Bali road map: COP decides to launch process to enable implementation of the Convention t ...
... introduction of 2 distinct negotiation tracks: AWG-LCA and AWG-KP • AWG-KP: discussions around further reductions • AWG-LCA: mitigation goals, shared vision for adaptation, mitigation, technology and finance. • Bali road map: COP decides to launch process to enable implementation of the Convention t ...
1 Purpose and overview of survey The Kyoto Protocol, adopted at
... Purpose and overview of survey The Kyoto Protocol, adopted at the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3) convened in December 1997, requires that developed nations reduce their average greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the period from 200 ...
... Purpose and overview of survey The Kyoto Protocol, adopted at the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3) convened in December 1997, requires that developed nations reduce their average greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the period from 200 ...
POSITION Choosing between stagnation and change – Why the EU Summary
... Since summer 2011, when information on this surplus surfaced in the market, prices for allowances have dropped markedly, at times to below 7 euros per allowance, blocking additional investment in climate protection efforts. In addition, this development puts at risk the necessary financing of state ...
... Since summer 2011, when information on this surplus surfaced in the market, prices for allowances have dropped markedly, at times to below 7 euros per allowance, blocking additional investment in climate protection efforts. In addition, this development puts at risk the necessary financing of state ...
Reunião na Índia debate acordo do clima
... countries, and a group of developed countries pledged a total of approximately $400 million. At COP-8, developing countries pressed for funding to implement adaptation projects, detailed guidance to the GEF for managing the new funds, and regular contributions to the funds. The COP adopted guidance ...
... countries, and a group of developed countries pledged a total of approximately $400 million. At COP-8, developing countries pressed for funding to implement adaptation projects, detailed guidance to the GEF for managing the new funds, and regular contributions to the funds. The COP adopted guidance ...
Dealing with reality - Oxford Academic
... simply buy allowances rather than close old plant or invest in clean technology. This is the concept of the Kyoto Protocol. The central authority is the body of the UNFCCC; the emitting entities are 37 developed countries; and, the overseas investment options are the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM ...
... simply buy allowances rather than close old plant or invest in clean technology. This is the concept of the Kyoto Protocol. The central authority is the body of the UNFCCC; the emitting entities are 37 developed countries; and, the overseas investment options are the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM ...
PDF
... initial ➔allocation of allowances – is very time consuming and no trades can take place until this is completed for all participants in the system. The baseline and allocation steps are critical to all participants because they result in the allocation of the “currency” which then becomes the basis ...
... initial ➔allocation of allowances – is very time consuming and no trades can take place until this is completed for all participants in the system. The baseline and allocation steps are critical to all participants because they result in the allocation of the “currency” which then becomes the basis ...
Italian Policies and Measures to Respond to Climate Change
... actions” for the purpose of meeting the reduction commitments under Article 3 KP. However, what “supplementarity” means in quantitative terms needs yet to be defined. Some countries, such as the USA, which advocate the greatest recourse to the Kyoto mechanisms to satisfy their reduction commitments, ...
... actions” for the purpose of meeting the reduction commitments under Article 3 KP. However, what “supplementarity” means in quantitative terms needs yet to be defined. Some countries, such as the USA, which advocate the greatest recourse to the Kyoto mechanisms to satisfy their reduction commitments, ...
prospects and pitfalls of the kyoto protocol to the united nations
... interests. In the lead up to the Kyoto COP, the US Senate passed by a vote of 95 to zero the Byrd-Hagel Resolution calling on US negotiators at the Kyoto COP to eschew any options which might seriously damage the US economy or which exempted developing countries from accepting specific GHG reduction ...
... interests. In the lead up to the Kyoto COP, the US Senate passed by a vote of 95 to zero the Byrd-Hagel Resolution calling on US negotiators at the Kyoto COP to eschew any options which might seriously damage the US economy or which exempted developing countries from accepting specific GHG reduction ...
UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol - Training for the State Negotiators on
... Inventories for GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks (annually); Annual report (submitted only in the first committment period, annually) Small trick: the Annual report is not mandatory in the years 2008-2009. However, to get full eligibiity it is…still mandatory. Submissions of the Partie ...
... Inventories for GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks (annually); Annual report (submitted only in the first committment period, annually) Small trick: the Annual report is not mandatory in the years 2008-2009. However, to get full eligibiity it is…still mandatory. Submissions of the Partie ...
Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the Flexible Mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol (IPCC, 2007) that provides for emissions reduction projects which generate Certified Emission Reduction units which may be traded in emissions trading schemes.The CDM is defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, and is intended to meet two objectives: (1) to assist parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is to prevent dangerous climate change; and (2) to assist parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments (greenhouse gas (GHG) emission caps). ""Annex I"" parties are those countries that are listed in Annex I of the treaty, and are the industrialized countries. Non-Annex I parties are developing countries.The CDM addresses the second objective by allowing the Annex I countries to meet part of their emission reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol by buying Certified Emission Reduction units from CDM emission reduction projects in developing countries (Carbon Trust, 2009, p. 14). The projects and the issue of CERs is subject to approval to ensure that these emission reductions are real and ""additional."" The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).The CDM allows industrialized countries to buy CERs and to invest in emission reductions where it is cheapest globally (Grubb, 2003, p. 159). Between 2001, which was the first year CDM projects could be registered and 7 September 2012, the CDM issued 1 billion Certified Emission Reduction units. As of 1 June 2013, 57% of all CERs had been issued for projects based on destroying either HFC-23 (38%) or N2O (19%). Carbon capture and storage (CCS) was included in the CDM carbon offsetting scheme in December 2011.However, a number of weaknesses of the CDM have been identified (World Bank, 2010, p. 265-267). Several of these issues were addressed by the new Program of Activities (PoA) that moves to approving 'bundles' of projects instead of accrediting each project individually. In 2012, the report Climate change, carbon markets and the CDM: A call to action said governments urgently needed to address the future of the CDM. It suggested the CDM was in danger of collapse because of the low price of carbon and the failure of governments to guarantee its existence into the future. Writing on the website of the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, Yolanda Kakabadse, a member of the investigating panel for the report and founder of Fundacion Futuro Latinamericano, said a strong CDM is needed to support the political consensus essential for future climate progress. ""Therefore we must do everything in our hands to keep it working,"" she said.