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$doc.title

... exception of only a few cases, the terrestrial planet would either (1) need to orbit significantly farther out than the traditional limits of the habitable zone; or else, (2) if it were orbiting within the habitable zone, it would require at least a magnetic field ranging from a few G to up to a few ...
Metastable peak shapes
Metastable peak shapes

... Peak tails in mass spectra Of major importance for isotopic analysis are the peak tails produced by elastic scattering of ions on residual gas molecules. An ion optical procedure first used by Menat [44] to calculate such tails in electromagnetic separators was generalised for static sectors and oth ...
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Toyota Wiring Diagram Symbols

... Defective Device − A type of circuit malfunction in which a component of electrical circuit does not work as it should. This could be a worn−out battery, corroded switch, burned−out lamp bulb, or broken connector. Delta−Type Winding − An alternator stater design in which the three windings of a 3−ph ...
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University of Groningen Atom Trap Trace Analysis of Calcium

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... These techniques are applicable only in finding mistakes on the surface or in identifying elements not shrouded by others. Unfortunately to get information from deeper levels they are barely usable. We found that the thermal transient method [1] can be used in several MEMS devices to discover the et ...
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Electromagnetic induction, flux and flux linkage

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... wire, then these induced currents are referred to as 'eddy currents'. Several demonstrations show the effect. From these experiments it should become clear that Lenz's law applies, i.e. the induced effects oppose the motion that is producing them. One of the main uses for eddy currents is in electro ...
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... on a uniform disk-heating model with infinite heat sink. But it is questionable whether the disk-heating model may be applied. If 1‘(y) is taken according to eq. (6) the calculated emitting area is about a factor 100 smaller than for r(~.) = I. Then. the radius of the bombarded area can be of the sa ...
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... engineering, metallurgy coatings, surface engineering and solar energy conversion devices. The reasons for the rising importance of thin films are many, like, tailoring the properties according to their thickness and the small mass of the material involved. The most essential parameter that determin ...
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Experiments with Electricity and Magnetism for Physics 336L
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... to. A well-defined variable could be called VAB , where A and B are the two points on your circuit to which the voltmeter probes were applied. VAB would be further defined by the inclusion of the circuit diagram with the table with A and B marked on it. It is not unusual for the raw data taken by a ...
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Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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