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Mitigation of Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields
Mitigation of Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields

... harmful influence to our health. In addition, interferences caused by power frequency magnetic fields (PFMFs) on electron beam based electronic equipment (e.g. cathode ray tubes found in TV screens and computer monitors, electron microscopes) become evident at levels over 1 microtesla. These issues ...
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... Working: When a current is allowed to flow through the coil MNST by closing the switch, the coil starts rotating anti-clockwise. This happens because a downward force acts on length MN and at the same time, an upward force acts on length ST. As a result, the coil rotates anti-clockwise. Current in t ...
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... wire connected to a sensitive ammeter, as illustrated in Figure 31.1. When a magnet is moved toward the loop, the galvanometer needle deflects in one direction, arbitrarily shown to the right in Figure 31.1a. When the magnet is brought to rest and held stationary relative to the loop (Fig. 31.1b), n ...
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... exception of only a few cases, the terrestrial planet would either (1) need to orbit significantly farther out than the traditional limits of the habitable zone; or else, (2) if it were orbiting within the habitable zone, it would require at least a magnetic field ranging from a few G to up to a few ...
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... • Infalling material is forced to follow the magnetic field lines • Gas is initially in free-fall but then it encounters a shock front • Shock converts kinetic energy into thermal energy (bulk motion into random motion)  temperature increases to ~50 keV • Velocity drops by 1/4 and density increases ...
< 1 ... 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 ... 528 >

Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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