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Coverage - Smart Science
Coverage - Smart Science

MRIWksht06_24_10
MRIWksht06_24_10

... contain roughly 75% water. MRI machines that are currently used for clinical diagnostic purposes make use of this fact through what is known as the chemical shift. The chemical shift is defined as the difference in resonant frequency between isolated hydrogen and its value when bound to a specific s ...
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Electromagnets - Cornell Center for Materials Research
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Name: Date: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equations and Relations
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... contain roughly 75% water. MRI machines that are currently used for clinical diagnostic purposes make use of this fact through what is known as the chemical shift. The chemical shift is defined as the difference in resonant frequency between isolated hydrogen and its value when bound to a specific s ...
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Advanced Higher Physics learning outcomes

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< 1 ... 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 ... 528 >

Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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