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P2 5.7 Summary sheet
P2 5.7 Summary sheet

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Magnets and Magnetic Fields
Magnets and Magnetic Fields

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... magnet has a north and a south pole. No matter how small the magnet is, it will have both poles. Students may be familiar with the idea of a compass which uses magnetism to tell directions. This is because our Earth is really a very large magnet. The students can use a magnet with the iron filing di ...
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... members do not know what it is for or how to use it. What is a multimeter and how do you use it? It measures various things having to do with the flow of electricity in a system. One thing that is usually measured by a multimeter is electrical resistance. What is electrical resistance? Whenever elec ...
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Lecture slides - University of Toronto Physics
Lecture slides - University of Toronto Physics

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Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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