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The characterization of bulk as-grown and  GÜNTHER HORST KASSIER
The characterization of bulk as-grown and GÜNTHER HORST KASSIER

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... electron), it is only possible to look at restricted volumes, and the smaller the inclusion, or defect, or the lower the level of the impurity being sought, the smaller the volume that can reasonably be examined. The absence of any evidence for second phases, defects or impurities in these volumes c ...
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... but because of the corresponding relationships between quantities. So although nothing is actually flowing in a static electric field, you’re likely to find the analogy between a faucet (as a source of fluid flow) and positive electric charge (as the source of electric field lines) very helpful in u ...
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... which are typically not suitable or practical for the commercial greenhouse industry. There are three common types of humidity sensors: capacitive, resistive, and wet/dry bulb. Both capacitive and resistive solid-state sensors are fairly common because they offer reasonable accuracy and, in the humi ...
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Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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